Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti

E- Content Preparation
Class IX - SCIENCE
Work & Energy
Prepared by
Anshu Singh
PGT Physics
JNV Indore
Bhopal Region
 Learning outcomes
■ Students will be able to explain the scientific concept of work, and
identify the
■ concept of positive, negative and zero work
■ They will be able to explain the relationship of force with work.
■ . They will be able to calculate the work done by any object in the
absence or presence of force.
■ They will be able to explain and understand the basics of Energy, forms
of energy, interconversion of energy and it’s relation with work.
■ They will be able to describe kinetic energy and potential energy by
defining, deriving their formulae, their interconversion, examples and
related numerical.
■ They will be able to elaborate law of conservation of energy with the
help of examples to show that total energy is constant.
■ They will be able to explain concept of power and all related units.
■ They will be able to calculate electricity bill by concept of commercial
unit of energy and hence in the long run learn to check misuse of energy
 Topics
■ Work
■ Zero, positive and negative work
■ Energy
■ Forms of energy
■ Kinetic energy
■ Gravitational potential energy
■ Elastic potential energy
■ Work energy transformation
■ Transformation of energy
■ Law of conservation of energy
■ Power
WORK IS DIFFERENT FROM WORKING HARD
■ Work in terms of Physics needs two conditions to be satisfied-
■ A force should act on an object & The object must be displaced.
■ Work is defined as the product of the force and displacement in
the direction of force.
■ Work = Force× displacement
W= F×S
SI unit
■W = F×S
= 1N × 1m
= 1 Joule
■SI unit of work is joule.
■1 Joule – When 1 Newton of force displaces an
object through 1m in the direction of force,then
the amount of work done is 1 Joule.
■1 Joule = 1 N × 1 m
= 105 dyne× 102 cm
= 107 erg
As force and
displacement are
acting along same
direction i.e.angle
between them is 0°
Thus

W=F×S
If force and displacement are
not acting along same
direction, then work done is
equal to the product of force,
displacement and the cosine
of angle between them
W = F × S cos θ
 Zero Work
■ As W = F S cos θ
■ W = 0 , when either
■ F=0
■ S = 0 OR
■ θ = 90°
■F = 0
■ when no force is
applied eg. Drawing
diagram, organises
her thoughts,
collects question
paper, doing
Work done is
zero when,
displacement is
zero;
i.e. W = 0 when
S=0
eg. pushing a
huge rock or wall
Moon when completes
one revolution around the
Earth then also
displacement is zero.
So work done is zero

Man standing with a

load on head, or
holding a briefcase
and waiting for a bus
■When 0= 90° i.e.Angle
between Force and
displacement is
90°;force is
perpendicular to the
displacement.
■Even when force and
displacement are
there but still work
done is zero because
they are perpendicular
A man carrying suitcase and walking Or a
coolie carrying luggage and walking
Work done by
centripetal
force is always
zero as force
and
displacement
are always
perpendicular
to each other.
During motion of
simple pendulum
tension in the
thread(force) is always
perpendicular to the
displacement of the
Bob.
Work done by
oscillating pendulum is
always zero.
POSITIVE WORK
If force and displacement or
Force& component of
displacement are acting along
same direction then the work
done is positive.
W = F × S × cos θ
If 0≤θ<90°. i.e. Angle between
force and displacement is acute
then value of cos0 Is positive
therefore work done is positive.
When a man pulls a cart or a horse pulls a
cart. force and component of displacement
are acting along same direction,thus here
work is positive.
WORK DONE DURING
PUSHING IS NEGATIVE
OR POSITIVE.
AS
DISPLACEMENT AND
COMPONENT OF
FORCE IS ALONG
SAME DIRECTION
WORK IS AGAIN
POSITIVE.
When force is applied to lift
weight up, Force and
displacement are acting in the
same direction.

When a body falls freely

under Gravitational pull,
the work done by gravity
is positive.
NEGATIV Force and displacement or
E WORK component of displacement are
acting along opposite directions
then the work done is negative.
W = F × S × cos θ
If 90<θ≤180°. i.e. Angle
between force and displacement
is obtuse then value of cosθ is
negative therefore work done is
negative.
When a body
is made to
slide over a
rough surface,
the work done
by frictional
force(not the
applied
force)is
negative.
When a S/N pole
repels S/N pole of
another magnet,
they move away
from each other.
The work done by
magnetic force
between them is
negative.
WHEN A BODY IS
THROWN UP
AGAINST
GRAVITATIONAL
PULL, THEN WORK
DONE BY GRAVITY
IS NEGATIVE.
REFRESH THE CONCEPT
Energy
■Different forms of energy
Different forms of energy
Kinetic Solar Energy
Energy
Potential Wind Energy
Energy
Chemical
Ocean wave Energy
Energy
Heat Energy Ocean thermal Energy

Sound Energy Tidal Energy

Light Energy Nuclear Energy

Electrical
Geothermal Energy
Energy
Geothermal energy is
the only energy source
which is directly or
indirectly not
related to the Sun.

Geothermal energy is actually due to heat

inside the Earth.
It is utilised to produce electricity.
 Facts related to Energy

■Energy is defined as the capability of doing

work.
■The object which does the work loses energy and the object
on which the work is done gains energy.
■An object that possesses energy can exert a force on
another object.
■Thus any object that possesses energy can do work.
■SI unit of energy is same as that of work i.e. Joule
■1 J is the energy required to do 1 joule of work.
Kinetic energy-

It is the energy
possessed by the
body due to virtue
of its motion
■The Kinetic energy of an object increases with its
speed.
■A moving car, a flying aircraft, wind, moving fan,
flowing water, running athletes, a cyclist rolling down
on slope
Mathematical expression of KE

W= F×S
= m×a×S
= m × a × (v2 – u2 )/2a
= m × (v2 – u2 )/2
Work done is equal to the change in the
kinetic energy of an object.
KE = m × (v2 – u2 )/2
If the object is starting from rest i.e. u = 0, then
KE= m v2 /2
 POTENTIAL
ENERGY
Potential Energy is the
energy possessed by
the body due to virtue
of its height above the
earth surface,or its
shape or configuration.
There are two types of
potential energy:-
 Elastic potential
energy
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Work is done on the mass
m while it is being raised
against gravity, then its
energy increases.This
energy is the GPE.

The GPE of an object at a

point above the ground is
defined as the work done in
raising it from the ground to
that point against gravity.
■W = F × S
= mg × h
= mgh
■Since work done is
mgh, an energy equal
to mgh is gained by
the object in the form
of gravitational
potential energy.
PE = mgh
The work is done by the
man against gravity,due
to which the energy gets
stored in the form of
gravitational potential
energy.
Man has to do large
amount of work to raise it
to a greater height,thus
stored energy is also
large.
Work done by
gravity depends
on the difference
in vertical
heights of initial
& final positions
of the object &
not on the path
along which the
object is moved. PE = mgh PE =
mgh
 Elastic potential energy

■The energy of a body due to a change in its

shape and size is called elastic potential energy.
■The change in shape of a body can be brought
by compressing, stretching, bending, or twisting.
■Work is done to change the shape of the body
which gets stored in the deformed body in the
form of form of elastic potential energy.
 Work is being done on spring or rubber band while
stretching or compressing it, as it is not used to cause
a
change in velocity or speed of an object,this work thus
gets stored in the form of elastic potential energy.
The Elastic potential energy
stored in the bow due to the
change of shape is thus used
in the form of kinetic energy
in throwing off the arrow
Work is done
while winding the
key of a toy car.
The energy
transferred to the
spring inside is
stored as EPE.
When it unwinds
itself EPE gets
converted into
kinetic energy.
 Law of conservation of energy
■Law of conservation of
energy states that energy
remains conserved, it can
neither be created nor be
destroyed.
This simply indicates that energy can be
transformed from one form to another but
the sum total of the energy remains
constant.
Power ■Power is defined as rate
of doing work OR rate of
transfer of energy.
■Power measures the
speed of work done,i.e.
how fast or slow work is
done.
■Power = work/ time
■ SI unit P = W/ t.
= J/ s.
= Watt
■SI unit of power is watt.
 OTHER UNITS OF POWER
■ 1 kW = 1000 watt
■ 1MW = 106 Watt
■ 1 HP = 746 wtt
■1 Watt – 1 Watt is the power of an agent, which
does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.
AVERAGE POWER
■The power of an agent may be doing work at
different rates at different intervals of time.
■Thus average power is used which is total
energy consumed per unit total time taken.
 Commercial unit of energy
■For the bigger unit ,as joule is very small
unit,we use kwh
■1 kWh is the energy used in one hour at
the rate of 1000J/ s
■1 kWh = 1kw × 1 hour
= 1000w × 3600 sec
= 3600000 J
= 3.6 × 106 J
The energy used in households ,
industries, and commercial
establishments are usually expressed in
kWh
■So,
3.6 × 106 J = 1kwh
= 1 Board of trade unit
= 1 commercial unit
= 1 unit.
 Summary
■ Definition of Work its meaning SI unit and CGS unit.
■ Illustrations of different type of work from day to day
life.
■ Discussions of different type of work positive, zero and
negative work with examples.
■ Different forms of energy and their origin from where
they are derived.
■ Kinetic energy and Potential energy, their definitions,
derivations and examples to illustrate these two
energies in detail.
■ Transformation of energy from one form to another.
■ Law of conservation of energy and its simple
applications.
Reference
1. NCERT Text book Class IX
2. Exampler Problems Science