Scribd
Upload
9 views

AC-AC Converters Lecture 8

Uploaded by

glory.ibitoye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

AC-AC Converters Lecture 8

Uploaded by

glory.ibitoye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

CYCLOCONVERTERS

Traditionally, ac-ac conversion using semiconductor switches is done in two different


ways:
(a) 1-in two stages (ac-dc and then dc-ac) as in dc link converters or

(b) 2-in one stage (ac-ac) cycloconverters


Cycloconverters directly convert ac
signals of one frequency (usually line
frequency) to ac signals of variable
frequency.
cycloconverters uses
Cycloconverters are used in high power applications driving induction
and synchronous motors. They are usually phase-controlled and they
traditionally use thyristors due to their ease of phase commutation

• Some applications of cycloconverters are:


· Cement mill drives
· Ship propulsion drives
· Rolling mill drives
· Scherbius drives
· Ore grinding mills
· Mine winders
Types of Cycloconverters:
• There are mainly two types of cycloconverters blocking mode type and
circulating mode type.
• When the load current is positive, the positive converter supplies the
required voltage and the negative converter is blocked. Suppose if the
load current is negative, then the negative converter supplies the voltage
and the positive converter is blocked. This operation is called blocking
mode operation. The cycloconverters which are using this method are
called blocking mode cycloconverters.
• By chance if the both converters are enabled, then the supply will be
short circuited. To avoid this, an intergroup reactor (IGR) must be
connected between the converters. If both the converters are enabled,
then a circulating current is produced. This is unidirectional because the
thyristors allow the current to flow in only one direction. The
cycloconverters using this approach are called circulating current
converters.
Advantages of Cyclo-converter

Advantages
1. In a cyclo-converter, ac power at one frequency isconverted directly toa lower frequency in
a single conversion stage.
2. Cyclo-converter functions by means of phase commutation, without auxiliary forced
commutation circuits. The powercircuit is more compact, eliminating circuit losses
associated with forced commutation.
3. Cyclo-converter is inherently capable of power transfer in either direction between source
and load. It can supply power to loads at any power factor, and is also capable of
regeneration over the complete speed range, down to standstill. This feature makes it
preferable for large reversing drives requiring rapid acceleration and deceleration, thus suited
for metal rolling application.
4. Commutation failure causes a short circuit of ac supply. But, if an
individual fuse blows off, a complete shutdown is not necessary, and
cyclo-converter continues to function with the somewhat distorted
waveforms. A balanced load is presented to the ac supply with
unbalanced output conditions.
5. Cyclo-converter delivers a high quality sinusoidal waveform at low
output fre-quencies, since it is fabricated from a large number of
segments of the supply waveform. This is often preferable for very low
speed applications.
6. Cyclo-converter is extremely attractive for large power, low speed
drives.
Disadvantagesof Cyclo-converter
1. Large number of thyristors is required in a cyclo-converter, and its control
circuitry becomes
more complex. It is not justified to use it for small installations, but is
economical for units
above 20 kVA.
2. For reasonable power output and efficiency, the output frequency is limited
to one-third of
the input frequency.
3. The power factor is low particularly at reduced output voltages, as phase
control is used with
high firing delay angle.
operation principles of cycloconverters (Single-
phase to Single-phase )
3ɸ-1ɸ half-wave cycloconverter
A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
This is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor
by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the electric
motor.
Other names for a VFD are variable speed
drive, adjustable speed drive, adjustable frequency
drive, AC drive, microdrive, and inverter
The diagram above contains three separate
sections to indicate the basic working principle of a
VFD:
• the rectifier
• the filter
• the switching section- that uses regular
transistors, darlington pair transistors, or
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) to invert
the DC voltage back to AC voltage with the
proper frequency.
VFD principles and stages
VFD principles and stages
Rectifier:
 The rectifier in a VFD is used to convert
incoming ac power into direct current (dc) power.
 One rectifier will allow power to pass through only when the voltage is
positive.
A
second rectifier will allow power to pass
through only when the voltage is negative.
DC bus:
 After the power flows through the rectifiers it is stored on a
dc bus.
 The dc bus contains capacitors to accept power from the
rectifier, store it, and later deliver that power through the
inverter section.
 The dc bus may also contain inductors, dc links, chokes, or
similar items that add inductance, thereby smoothing the
incoming power supply to the dc bus.
Inverter:
 The inverter contains transistors that deliver power to the motor.

The “InsulatedGate Bipolar Transistor”


(IGBT) is a common choice in modern VFDs.
 The IGBT can switch on and off several thousand times per
second and precisely control the power delivered to the motor.
 The IGBT uses a method named “pulse width modulation”

(PWM) to simulate a current sine wave at the desired frequency


to the motor.
Motor speed (rpm) is dependent upon frequency.
Varying the frequency output of the VFD controls
motor speed:

Speed (rpm) = frequency (hertz) x 120 / no. of poles

Example:
4-pole motor at different frequencies
3600 rpm = 60 hertz x 120 / 4 = 1800 rpm
3000 rpm = 50 hertz x 120 / 4 = 1500
rpm
2400 rpm = 40 hertz x 120 / 4 = 1200
rpm
 As the VFD makes the motor to start from the lower point, the motor starts
smoothly and as well as stops smoothly.
 It also reduces the sudden jerks that tend to happen at the start of the motor.
 As a result, a large amount of energy is saved.
 Industry
 Spray painting
 Water flow control
 Crane and hoist
 Elevators
Why should I use a VFD?

• Reduce Energy Consumption and Energy Costs


• Increase Production Through Tighter Process Control
• Extend Equipment Life and Reduce Maintenance
 Provides the most efficient means of motor speed control.
 Reduces the thermal and mechanical stresses on the motor.
 Provides low motor starting.
 Saves more energy.

You might also like