Genetically Modified Organisms

Module 11
November 9,
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2022
 What is Genetic
Engineering and
GMO?
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 Genetic Engineering

It was a 1951 that the term genetic

engineering was coined by Jack
Williamson.

It is also called genetic modification

or genetic manipulation.

It is the modification of the

characteristics of an organism by
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manipulating its genetic material.

Jack Williamson
 Genetically Modified
Organism
(GMO)

It is a plant, animal,
microorganism or other
organism whose genetic
makeup has been modified
in a laboratory using
genetic engineering.
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 The general process of genetic
engineering is the intentional
manipulation of the organisms' genes,
where it may involve transfer of genes
from another organism.

However, despite the many

possibilities of creating solutions for
problems and opening doors for
innovations, genetic engineering faces
much opposition. Opponents raise
ethical, social, and environment issues
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related to genetic engineering and its

GMOs.
 GMOs IN FOOD
& AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY
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 Roles of GMOs in the food
and agricultural
industries:

1. Pest resistance

Example:
Bt. Corn
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 2. Virus Resistance

Example:
GM papaya or rainbow
papaya

3. Herbicide tolerance

Example:
Roundup Ready Soybean
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 4. Fortification

Example:
Golden Rice

5. Cosmetic Preservation

Example:
Arctic Apple
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 6. Increase growth rate

Example:
Ocean pout
AquAdvantage salmon
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AquAdvantage salmon
 GMOs in Non-
Food Crops
and
Microorganism
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 GMOs in non-food crops and
some microorganism involve
the following:

1. Flower production

Example:
Blue roses

2. Paper production

Example:
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Poplar trees
 3. Pharmaceutical production

Example:
Periwinkle plant

4. Bioremediation

Example:
Shrub tobacco
(phytochelatin TaPCSI1)
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 5. Enzyme and drug production

Example:
CGTase

6. GMO's in the medical field

Example:
Humulin
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 BENEFITS OF
GMOs
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 Some of those benefits include:

1. Higher efficiency in farming

2. Increase in harvest
3. Control in fertility
4. Increase in food processing
5. Improvement of desirable
characteristic
6. Nutritional and pharmaceutical
enhancement
7. Reduce the use of fertilizer and
pesticide
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 The top 5 countries that operate
GMO farmland are the United
States, Brazil, Argentina, India
and Canada
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 POTENTIAL RISK
OF GMOS
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 Opponents of GMOs have the
following major concerns:

1. Since genetic engineering is still

a young branch of science,
there are inadequate studies on
the effect of GMOs to human
and the environment.
2. Genetic engineering promotes
mutation in organism which the
long-term effects are still
unknown.
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 Potential
Environmental
Risk
Caused by GMOs
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 1. Risk in gene flow.

2. Emergence of new forms of

resistance and secondary
pest and weed problem.

3. Recombination of virus and

bacteria to procedure new
pathogens.
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 POTENTIAL HUMAN
HEALTH RISK CAUSED
BY GMOs
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 Some potential human health risk are identified (Akhter
2001), such as:

1. Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since

it is not naturally or organically produced;
2. Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of
existing microorganisms in the human digestive
system;
3. Production of toxins may be detrimental to human
health and
4. Production of allergens may have adverse effect to
humans.
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 Worldwide, there are many
groups that campaign against
GMO food consumption.

They encourage people to

boycott GMO products.

In the Philippines, the Supreme

Court has ruled against the use
of Bt eggplant, another
genetically modified crop.
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 Other potential risks that raise major
concern are:

1. Human Genome Project (HGP)

Mapping of human genes to provide

framework for research and studies in
the field of medicine.

It was feared that the ability to

produce human genetic information
would create biases and give much
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power to people holding the

information
 2. Mutation of genetically engineered
microorganisms

Genetically modified bacteria and

viruses may mutate to become more
resistant or virulent that may cause
more dreadful diseases for human
beings.
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 3. Cloning

The asexual reproduction of an

organism using parent cell through
genetic engineering.

In February 24, 1997 the first

mammal, Dolly, a sheep from
Scotland was born through cloning
with its celebrated success came the
fear of human cloning. It emerged the
ethical issue of man playing God.
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 GMOs in Philippine
Context
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 The GMO started in the 1990s with the
creation of the National Committee on
Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP)
through executive order No. 430 of 1990.

The NCBP developed the guidelines on the

planned release of genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) and potentially harmful
exotic species in 1998.

The Philippines was marked to be the first

country in Asia to approve commercial
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culturation of GMOs when GM Corn

planting was approved in 2002.
END
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 References:
• Serafica et. al (2018) p. 122-131
• Vix. (2020, September 17). Genetic Engineering Advantages & Disadvantages. Biology
Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/genetic-engineering-advantages-disadvantages
• CBC/Radio Canada. (2016, May 19). Salmon becomes 1st genetically modified food animal
approved for sale in Canada | CBC News. CBCnews. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-aquabounty-salmon-genetically-
modified-food-1.3589613
• Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 2, 2022, from https://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/genomes/date/1ciu.html
• Engelking, C. (2019, November 20). Genetically modified trees could clean up paper industry.
Discover Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/genetically-modified-trees-could-clean-up-
paper-industry
• Filipino farmers anticipate approval BT eggplant similar to Bangdesh's release of BT Brinjal.
Business Diary Philippines. (2021, July 6). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://businessdiary.com.ph/6230/filipino-farmers-anticipate-approval-bt-eggplant-similar-
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bangdeshs-release-bt-brinjal/
 References:
• George Seidel Professor of Biomedical Sciences. (2022, September 15). 20 years after Dolly:
Everything you always wanted to know about the cloned sheep and what came next. The
Conversation. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/20-years-after-
dolly-everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-the-cloned-sheep-and-what-came-next-
72655
• Humulin N (NPH). (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?
productid=50&isarticlelink=false&pid=50&gid=2702&site=trihealthse3.
adam.com&login=TRIHEALTH1897
• Magazine, K. L. (2019, August 9). The case of the GMO papaya. Kansas Living Magazine.
Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://kansaslivingmagazine.com/articles/2019/08/09/the-case-of-the-gmo-papaya
• Maxmen, A. (2017, November 9). Genetically modified Apple reaches US stores, but will
consumers bite? Nature News. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.nature.com/articles/551149a
• Nine things you need to know about GMO salmon. GMO Answers. (n.d.). Retrieved November
2, 2022, from https://gmoanswers.com/nine-9-things-you-need-know-about-gmo-salmon
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 References:
• Page, M. L. (2020, January 2). GM Golden Rice gets landmark safety approval in the
Philippines. New Scientist. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2228793-gm-golden-rice-gets-landmark-safety-
approval-in-the-philippines/
• Prakash, C. (2015, March 25). Bt corn or non-bt corn? BTW, the White Stuff is carcinogenic
too pic.twitter.com/zx62xgljxz. Twitter. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://twitter.com/agbioworld/status/580545349867147267
• Rader, C. (2019, September 10). GMOs - what are they? Happily Unprocessed. Retrieved
November 2, 2022, from https://happilyunprocessed.com/news-and-other-things/gmos/
• Telegraph Media Group. (2008, October 31). World's first blue roses on display in Japan. The
Telegraph. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/3327043/Worlds-first-blue-roses-on-
display-in-Japan.html
• Vitesse™ patriot mix Vinca Seeds. Jackson and Perkins. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2022,
from https://parkseed.com/vitesse-patriot-mix-vinca-seeds/p/54103-PK-P1/
• What is a GMO? - the non-GMO project. The Non-GMO Project - Everyone Deserves an
Informed Choice. (2020, November 6). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
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https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/
 References:
• Wilke, C. (n.d.). Genetically engineered tobacco does photosynthesis more efficiently. The
Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/genetically-engineered-tobacco-does-more-
efficient-photosynthesis-65286
• Maine Coastal Program. Maine Coastal Program | Department of Marine Resources. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.maine.gov/dmr/programs/maine-coastal-
program
• National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines. Facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4,
2022, from https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=164612852509896&set=a.164612819176566
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