QMS110 F2024

Week 2

Professor van Hilten

Copyright Adriana van Hilten 1

TODAY
• Welcome
• Review of Week 1
• QMS110 – Week 2 Topics
• REMINDER – Assignment 1 (in MyLab Math; graded)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 2

Agenda
1. Review of Last Week
2. Real Numbers – Operations and Basic Properties
3. Operations with Zero
4. Exponents
• Integer
• Fractional
5. Radicals
6. Ratio, Proportion and Percent

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 3

Review Week 1 - The Real Numbers
Symbol Name Description Examples
N Natural Counting Numbers (also called positive integers) 1,2,3,…
Z Integer Natural numbers, their negatives and 0 …-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…
Q Rational Numbers that can be represented as a/b, where a and b are -4, 0, 25
integers and b ≠0; decimal representations are repeating or -3/5, 2/5,
terminating 3.67, -0.333, 5.2727272…
I Irrational Numbers that can be represented as non-repeating and non- √2, 7 (1/3),1.414213…., π
terminating decimal numbers
R Real Rational and Irrational Numbers (all of the above)

Imaginary Natural Numbers

Numbers (“N”)
Whole Numbers

Integers (“Z”) Zero

Rational Numbers Negatives of
(“Q”) natural numbers
Real Numbers Non-integer ratios
(“R”) of integers
Irrational
Numbers (“I”)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 4

Review
• BEDMAS (Order of Operations)
• Negatives and Positives in Multiplication and Division, and with
Exponents
• The Special Case of 0 (exponent, numerator, denominator)
• Lowest Common Denominator required for Addition and Subtraction
of ratios
• Simplify and Factor
• Rounding
• Reciprocals
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 5
 Real Numbers (Basic Properties, p. 32)
Property Meaning Example
Addition

- Associative (a +b )+ c = a+ (b + c) (3+5) + 7 = 3 + (5+7)

- Commutative a+b=b+a 2+ 4 = 4 +2

- Identity (0 is the additive 0+a=a+0=a 0+6=6+0=6

identity) n.b. 0 is the only element in R with this property
- Inverse a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0 8 + (-8) = (-8) + 8 = 0
where –a is the unique additive inverse of a

Multiplication

- Associative (ab)c = a(bc) (3*5) * 7 = 3 * (5*7)

- Commutative ab = ba 9*8=8*9

- Identity (1 is the multiplic. 1*a = a*1 = a 1*6=6*1 =6

identity) nb. 1 is the only element in R with this property
- Inverse For a≠0, 1/a is the unique multiplicative inverse of a, ie. a * (1/a) = 1 (1/5) * 5 = 1 = 5 * (1/5)
= (1/a) * a

- Distributive a(b+c) = ab + ac = (b+c)a 5 *(1 + 2 ) = 5*(1) + 5*(2) = (2 + 1 )* 5

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 6

Fraction Properties (Theorem 3, p.
35)
Properties of Fractions Example
1. a/b = c/d only where ad = bc 4/6 = 6/9 since 4*9 = 6*6 = 36
2. (ka)/(kb) = a/b (5*3)/(5*4) = 3/4
3. a/b * c/d = (ac)/(bd) 4/7 * 5/9 = (4*5)/(7*9)
4. (a/b) / (c/d) = a/b * d/c = (ad)/(bc) (3/7) / (2/11) = (3/7) *(11/2) = 33/14
5. (a/b) + (c/b) = (a+c)/b 6/11 + 3/11 = (6+3)/11 = 9/11
6. (a/b) – (c/b) = (a-c)/b 6/11 – 3/11 = (6-3)/11 = 3/11
7. (a/b) + (c/d) = ad/bd + cb/bd = (ad + cb)/bd + = + = + = =1

Note: a ÷ b = a(1/b) for b≠0

Note: if b = 0, a/b would be undefined.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 7
Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.8
10. Does uv(w+x) = uvw + uvx
27. If uv = 1, does u or v have to =1. Explain
34. What kind of number (N, Z, Q, R) is:
a) -3
b) 3.14
c) π
d) 2/3

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 8

Properties of Negatives(Theorem 1,
p.34)
Properties of Negatives Example (You fill it in)
Let a = 1, b = 2;
1. -(-a) = a

2. -a(b) = -(ab) = a(-b) = - ab

3. (-a)(-b) = a*b

4. (-1)a = -a

5. -a/b = (a)/(-b) = - (a/b) for b≠0

6. -a/-b = - (a/-b) = - (-a/b) = a/b

Note: a – b = a + (-b) Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 9

Negatives, Absolutes – Real and
Imaginary
If x is a real number, x could be a negative.
Then -x is the opposite sign of x, so it would be a positive.

If x is a real number then the absolute value of x is positive

the negative absolute value of x is negative
the absolute value of √x may be real or imaginary
e.g. if x = - 3, then imaginary
the square root of the absolute value of x is real
e.g. is real.

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 10

 3. Operations with Zero (Theorem
2,Adding
p. 34)
Subtracting Multiplying Dividing Exponents
Rule a+0=a a–0=a a*0=0 0 ÷ a = 0 (if a≠ 0) a 0 = 1 (if a ≠ 0)
a ÷ 0 = undefined (if a≠0)
a ÷ 0 = indeterminant where a = 0
0 ÷ a = indeterminant where a = 0
ab=0 only if a=0 or
b=0

Example 5 + 0 = 5 -6 - 0 = -6 7*0=0 0 ÷ -3 = 0 30 =1
π+0=π -√2 - 0 = -√2 -4*0=0 8 ÷ 0 = undefined -1 0 = -1;
(-1)0 = 1
0 ÷ 0 = indeterminant ∏ 0= 1
(3x+2)*(x-7) =0
Only if x=-2/3 or 7

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 11

4. Exponents
Rule Name Rule Example
1. Product Rule am * an = a m+n 34 * 32 = 3 (4+2) = 36
2. Quotient Rule am ÷ an = a m-n 46 ÷ 43 = 4 (6-3) = 43
3. Power of a Power Rule (am) n = a mn (52)3 = 5 2*3 = 56
4. Power of a Product Rule (ab)n = an bn (2*3)4 = 24 * 34
5. Power of a Quotient Rule (a÷b)n = an ÷ bn (7/2)3 = 73 / 23
6. Zero Exponent a 0 = 1 (where a≠0) 40 = 1 (nb. 00 will be 1 for us)
7. Negative Exponent a –n = 1/(an) (where a≠0) 2 -5 =

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 12

e.g. Simplify:
a 3 * a -5 = a 3-5 = a -2 = 1/(a2)

(10 3 * 10 -4) 2 = (10 -1)2 = 10 -2 = 1/(102) = 1/100

2x-1 vs. (2x)-1

a2b3c0
ab7

(x-2y)3

(2a + b-1)-2
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 13
3(x+4)2(x-3)-2 -2(x-3)-3(x+4)3

Put the terms with the negative exponents into the denominator

Find the LCD

Gather like terms

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 14

Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.9
10. t-8
t-3
19.(-4)0

31. 3*(a÷b-2)-3

34. a-1 + b-1

49. (n-2 – 2n-1)2

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 15
Exponents - Fractional
For am/n = (am)1/n
= (a 1/n)m

take the nth root first, then raise to the power m is usually easier (smaller
Ie.

numbers to deal with)

E.g.
4 -1/2 = 1/(41/2) = 1/√4 = 1/2

(4x4 ) -1/2 – 3 x -3 = 1/((4x4)1/2) -3/x3 = 1/(2x2) – 3/x3 = x/2x3 -3/x3 =(x-6)/(2x3)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 16
Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.10
10. -16 5/4

19. (1000)1/3
-400 -1/2
34. x 3/5 x -1/4

49. (T-1 + 2T-2) -1/2

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 17

5. Radicals
The radicals we are discussing this week are the ”root radicals”.
(square root, cubed root etc)

What kind of number is a radical?

….natural, whole, integer, etc…?

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 18

Radical Rules
Exponents Adding Subtracting Multiplying Dividing
a 2= a (a+b) = a + b (a-b) = a - b a* b = ab (a/b) = a/b
a 2
= a (a+ b) ≠ a + b (a-b) ≠ a - b a*b = a * b a/b =a / b
a2 = a a b + c b = (a+c) b a b - c b = (a – c) b
a 2
= a a+ ba =a+b a c – d c = c –d c
a + a d = a (1 + d) c - c d = c (1- d)

Here, assume that a, b, > 0. (i.e. not zero, not negative)

The number under the radical = “radicant”

The number indicating the root being taken = “order” or “index”

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 19

Working with Radicals
Leave in radical form – don’t reduce it on your calculator!!

√(72)

√(75)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 20

Working with Radicals
Make it easy! Always Simplify to its simplest form!
• Take out perfect nth power factors from a radical of order n
• If possible, reduce the order of the radical using fraction exponents where
necessary

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 21

Working with Radicals (con’t)

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Working with Radicals
Rationalizing denominators
• We prefer that there aren’t radicals in the denominator.
• We would rather convert the number so the radical is in the numerator.

Use the rules of radicals, what is,

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 23

Similarly with
- nth power roots

- Variable expressions

- Multiple terms

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 24

Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.5
10. √(pq5r3)

19. (8a2) 1/3

34. (5/4)1/6

40. (4*105) ½

49. (((n)½)½)1/2 (note: exponents are multiplied when they are raised… ie. square root of the square root of the square root)

However, they are added if the radicants are multiplied. Ie. square of the square root

61. √((c-2)/(c+2))

63. √(a2+b2)

65. √(9x2 – 6x +1) Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 25

Adding and Subtracting Radicals
Using the rules:
Add and subtract radicals only if they are “similar”
i.e. when the radicant and order are the same, but the coefficient is different
Be sure to simplify first.

1. 2√7 – 5 √7 + √7
2. √5 + 2√3 -5√5
3. 24 1/3 + 81 1/3
4. √24 + √(2/3)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 26
Adding and subtracting radicals
continued
What if the radical contains an expression…?

Eg. √(2/3a) - 2 (√(3/2a))

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 27

Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.6
10. 4√(2n2) - √(50n2)

19. √(60) + √(5/3)

34.√(2x/3y) + √(27y/8x)

38. √(16/x + 8 + x) - √(1 – 1/x)

41. (4x + 8) ½ + 2(9x + 18 ) ½

48. 5 (810) ¼ - ( 5/8) ¼

49. Find the sum of the positive roots of x 2-2x-2=0 and x2 + 2x -11=0

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 28

Multiplying Radicals
The product of two radicals can be combined only if the orders of the radicals are the
same!
e.g. √5√2 = √10

√(33) • √3 = √(33 * 3) = √(99) = √9 • √(11) = 3√(11)

(8a3b4) 1/5 * (8a2b3) 1/5 = (8a3b4 * 8a2b3) 1/5

= (23a3b4 * 23a2b3)1/5
= (26a5b7)1/5 (remember – multiplying exponents means to add)
= (21 * 25 a5 b5 b2)1/5
= 2ab(2b2)1/5 (remember – nth root of the nth power = 1)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 29
Multiplying Radicals (con’t)
Multiplying Binominal Radicals
Remember - You must multiple each component!
e.g. √2(3√5 – 4√2) = √2*3√5 - 4√2√2
= 3√2√5 -4*2
= 3√(10) – 8

(5√7 – 2√3)*(4√7 +3√3) = 5*4*√7√7 +5*3*√7√3 - 2*4*√3√7 -2*3*√3√3

= 20*7 + 15√7√3 - 8√3√7 -6*3
= 140 -18 + 7√3√7
= 122 + 7√(21)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 30

Multiplying Radicals (con’t)
Multiplying Radicals with Exponents
Remember - When multiplying numbers with exponents, add the exponents together only when you have identical radicants, or if you are multiplying
the radicants.

e.g. (4) 1/3 + (4) 1/3 = (2) * (4) 1/3

(4) 1/3 * (4) 1/3 = (4) 2/3
(4) 1/3 all raised to the third power = 4 (1/3)^ 3 = 4

(2√7)^2 = 4*7 = 28

(2√7)^3 = (2√7)^2 *(2√7) = 4* 7*2√7 = 56√7

(3+ 2√7)2 = 32 +3*2√7 + 2√7 (3) + 22√72

= 9 + 6√7 + 6√7 + 4*7
= 9 + 12√7 + 28
= 37 + 12√7
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 31
Dividing Radicals
When dividing radicals, the first step is rationalizing the denominator.
If the denominator is a binomial (i.e. it has more than one term), where
one or more terms is a radical
Then, use the goal of “difference of squares” (e.g. x2 – y2) in the
denominator
i.e. if you have (1-x) in the denominator, then the conjugate (1+x) will
bring you to a ”difference of squares” = (1 – x2).
e.g. 1/(√3 -√2).
The denominator’s conjugate is (√3+√2)
So: 1/(√3 - √2) * (√3 + √2)/(√3 +√2) = (√3+√2) /(3-2) = √3+√2
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 32
Dividing Radicals (con’t)
The terms of the radical may include a variable.

e.g. Simplify: 4√x/(√7+√3)

Using the conjugate (√7-√3):

(4√x/(√7+√3 )*(√7-√3)/(√7-√3) = (4√x(√7-√3))/(7-3)

= 4√x(√7-√3)/4
= √x(√7-√3)
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 33
Dividing Radicals (con’t)
Simplify:

Have I gone far enough? Yes, because there isn’t a radical in the denominator anymore.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 34
Let’s Try It
Homework Exercises 1.7
10. (4)1/5 (16)1/5

19. (3√(30) – 2√3)(6√(30) + 7√3)

34. 6(25) ¼
5-2√5

40.

44. (3 + √(6-2a)(2-√(6-2a)

53. 2√x + 1/√x

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 35
6. Ratio, Proportion and Percent
Why is this interesting?
You can take this idea grocery shopping: Based on price alone, and
being brand-loyal
Should I buy: the 350 L of Tide detergent, at 8.94
or the 750 L bottle of Tide at $13.97
or the 1.5 L bottle of Tide at $19.97
What percentage savings is there on the 750 L vs 350 L bottle?

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 36

How to work with ratios
How to read a ratio:
The ratio a to b, a:b , a over b, a/b
You might also see it as a decimal (e.g. 0.25) or percent (25%)

Numbers in the ratio are called the “terms of the ratio”.

The numbers need to be expressed in the same units if you are using the ratio to compare quantities in the
same measure (e.g. time).
e.g. days vs weeks, minutes vs hours
Ratios can drop the unit of measurement if the terms are in the same units.
Or when the intent is to compare different types of units, the units may be dropped too.
Eg. 100 km per hour = 100 : 1
$1.49 for 2 items = 1.49 : 2

“The cost of a product is made up of $30 of material, $12 direct labour, $27 of overhead”. What is the ratio of
product costs? Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 37
How to work with ratios (con’t)
Reduce the ratio to its lowest terms.
e.g. 30:12:27
All are divisible by 3, so the ratio should be reduced to 10:4:9

To eliminate fractional amounts or decimals in the ratio, equivalent ratios in

higher terms may be obtained by multiplying each term of the ratio by the
same number.
e.g. 3: 4/7 :1 (multiply each term in the ratio by 7 to get 21:4:7)
19.25 : 2.75. (the common divisor is 2.75; 7*2.75 = 19.25) Thus it’s 7:1

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 38

Business Applications
Dividing in pro-rata proportions….

If net income of $720,000 is paid out evenly to the three joint partners,
how much does each get?

What if they are paid out in the same ratio that they put up capital?
Ie. 4:3:2
The sum of the ratio parts is (4+3+2 = 9)
Therefore the partners get 4/9th, 3/9th, and 2/9th of $720,000 respectively
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 39
Properties of Ratios
Two ratios are equal, if their cross-products are equal
Ie. a/b = c/d if ad = bc for b,d ≠0

Moreover, if ad = bc, then a/b = c/d

AND a/c = b/d for c,d≠0

Eg. Solve 5/9 = x/63

This represents a proportion i.e. two ratios are equal
The proportion consists of four terms.
The proportions form a linear equation in one variable.
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 40
Ratios with Binomial Terms
Be careful: when the ratio contains binomial terms

e.g. x/3 = ½

Vs. x/3 + 5/4 = ½

e.g. (m – 2)/5 = (m+1)/3

Vs. (m-1)/5 = (m+1)/3 - 4

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 41
Percent, and Percentage, and
Proportion
Definition: A percent is a ratio where the second number is always 100
(i.e. the denominator of the resultant fraction is 100).
Eg: 50:100 = 50÷100= 50/100 = 50%

Percent always means “per 100”

Percent problems can be solved by writing it as a proportion.

Eg. Amount: base = x:100
Amount = x
Base 100
Thus: (x/100)* base = amount
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 42
Solving Percents: (x/100)* base =
amount
1. What is 15% of 600.
2. 32% of what number is 64.
3. 90 is what % of 360
4. Max scored 34 points on a test. He got an 85%. What was the total
possible marks on the test?
5. Tires are on sale at $258 a set. The regular price was $300. What
percent of the regular price was the savings?

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 43

Let’s Try It
Homework 1.11
4. Which number represents the ratio of 4 days to 2 weeks? 4/2, 4/7, 2/1, 2/7, ½, 2/4, 7/2

24. x/6 = 18/4

30. 14/10 = 21t/15

51. The exchange rate between dollars and euros is 1.0889 dollars per Euro. If I have $300 euros,
what’s that worth in dollars?

52. If $12 is 218.64 pesos, how many pesos will I get for $100?

94. I have collected $3400 in Sales Tax, which I remit to the government. I know the sales tax
rate is 6.5%. What was my total sales?
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 44
Let’s Try It
Homework 1.12
B6. A student spends 20 hours per week in class lectures, 45 hours per week in
individual study time, and 10 hours per week preparing meals. What is the ratio
that exists between the three activities?

C6. A car dealership has overhead costs of $480 k, allocated to “new car sales”, “used
car sales”, “servicing” and “administration” in the ratio: 1/8 to ¼ to ½ to 1/16. How
much (in $k) is allocated to each department?

Homework 1.13
B8. Material cost of a webcam is five-eighths of total cost, and labour is one-third of
material cost. If labour costs $15, what is the total cost of the webcam?
Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 45
References
Applied Mathematics for Business QMS110, Custom Edition for Ryerson
University. Pearson Education Inc.

(note: generally, the authors and the date of publication would proceed
the title of the book – in this case, as it is a custom edition, I have not.)

Copyright- Adriana van Hilten 46