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5. Gaseous Transport in the Blood

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12 views29 pages

5. Gaseous Transport in the Blood

Uploaded by

Akshara
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pulmonary diffusion

of gases
Diffusion: Movement of gas molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Atmospheric air  Enter into alveoli 


Dissolved in the alveolar fluid  Diffuse through the
membrane barriers  Enter into the blood. And Vice
versa
Factors determining Pulmonary diffusion

Blood-gas exchange depends upon:( based on Fick’s law of


diffusion)

1. Surface area of the Respiratory membrane


2. Partial pressure of the gas
3. Solubility of the gas
4. Diffusion capacity of the gas
5. Thickness of the respiratory membrane
6. Affinity of the gas with Hemoglobin
1. Surface area of the respiratory membrane

A.Total surface area of the alveoli is


70m2 (Decrease in various respiratory
diseases such as emphysema, TB)

Total surface area of the pulmonary


capillaries are also same (70m2)
(decrease in emphysema, pulmonary
embolism)
Ventilation-Perfusion ratio

The ratio between the ventilation and


perfusion is called ventilation-perfusion ratio.

Two factors that determine the alveolar PO 2 &


PCO2 are:
• Rate of alveolar ventilation (VA) –4 liters
• Rate of alveolar perfusion (Q) –CO=5liters

The ventilation-perfusion ratio = VA/Q = 4/5 =


0.8
2. Thickness of pulmonary membrane

Total thickness of the respiratory


membrane (Blood-gas barrier) is
0.5µm

It increases in pulmonary edema,


pulmonary fibrosis etc
3. Diffusion capacity

VOLUME OF GAS DIFFUSING ACROSS


THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
PER MINUTE PER mmHg PRESSURE
GRADIENT

OXYGEN----21ml/mmHg/min
4. Partial pressure of the gas

Dalton’s law of partial pressure (tension)–In gas


mixture, each gas exerts a pressure according to
its own concentration, independently of other
gases present. This pressure of each gas is its
partial pressure

Partial pressure of a gas in blood depend upon its


solubility & Hb affinity
Gaseous transport in the
blood

Prathibha
Oxygen transport
Arterial blood Venous blood

Content or 19.8 (ml/dl) 14.8(ml/dl)


Concentration
Tension or 97.5 mm Hg 40 mm Hg
Partial pressure
A-V O2 difference (O2 delivered to tissue) =
5ml/dl (in content) in 57.5 mm Hg (in tension)

Gaseous transport:
O2 consumption by body = 250ml/min
CO2 excretion by body = 200ml/min
Oxygen transport

2 forms:

1.Physical form –Dissolved


form in plasma as simple
solution
2.Chemical form –Combination
with Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (Hb)

Consists of 4 Heme

Each ferrous ion combine with a


molecule of Oxygen

Each Hb molecule carry 4


molecule of O2

Combination of O2 with Hb is
oxygenation (not oxidation)
Chemical form (oxy-
hemoglobin)
Normal Hb level = 15gm/dl

With full saturation (100%) O2 carrying


capacity of Hb = 1.34 ml/ gm of Hb

O2 carrying capacity of 100ml blood =


1.34 x 15 = 20.1ml/dl (with 100% Hb sat.)

Arterial blood (PO2 of 97mm Hg) with


97.5% Hb saturation (due physiological
shunt) = 19.8 ml/dl
Oxygenation of Hb
 Combination of O2 with Hb depend on PO2.

 The curve obtained by plotting the Hb saturations


against their various PO2 is known as–

Oxygen dissociation curve Or


Oxy-Hb dissociation curve Or
Hb dissociation curve

 The relationship between PO2 & Hb saturation is


not linear but “sigmoid shape”.
PO2 Percentage of saturation of Hb

10 13.5
20 35
28 50
30 57
40 75
50 83
60 89
70 92.7
80 94.5
90 96.5
100 97.4
O2 dissociation curve
 Sigmoid in shape

 Having three phases–


• Phase 1 -- Slow ascend
• Phase 2 --Steep ascend
• Phase 3 -- Plateau

 3 important points in O2 dissociation curve are --


• Arterial point -- PO2 of 100 mm Hg & Hb saturation of
97,5%
• Venous point --PO2 of 40 mm Hg & Hb saturation of 75%
• P50 --PO2 of 28 mm Hg & Hb saturation of 50%

• P50 – is the partial pressure at which 50% Hb saturation


occur
• When P50 – increases O2 affinity decreases
Advantages of sigmoid
shape curve
 Plateau phase –Helps to tide over
atmospheric pressure variations in
different environmental conditions

 Steep phase –Helps to deliver more O2 in


case of body’s requirement
Factors shifting O2 dissociation curve to right (less
O2 affinity)

1. Increase in temperature
2. Increase in H+ ion
concentration (↓pH)
3. Increase in CO2
4. Increase in 2,3-DPG (2,3-BPG)
level
Bohr’s effect
Decrease O2 affinity
(shifting of O2-
dissociation curve to
right) due to
decrease in pH of
blood is called Bohr’s
effect

Normally decrease in
pH of blood occur
due to increase in
CO2 content of blood
– Hence, increase in
blood CO2 shifts the
O2 dissociation curve
to right is called
Bohr’s effect.
Significance of Bohr’s
effect

Takes place at tissue level

Helps in unloading & O2


delivery to tissue

Most of Hb unsaturation (O2


delivery) to tissue occur due to
decrease in PO2.
,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

 Metabolic by product of glycolysis ----in


RBC itself

 It is highly charged anion

 Increased concentration of 2,3-DPG causes


more & more O2 liberation , thereby
decreasing the oxygen affinity with Hb
Factors shift O2 dissociation curve to left
(increase affinity)
1. Decrease in temperature

2. Decrease in H+ ion concentration


( pH)

3. Decrease in CO2 level

4. Fetal Hb

5. CO poisoning
CO2 Transport

Arterial blood –
• CO2 content (concentration) – 48
ml/dl
• CO2 tension -- PCO2 of 40 mm Hg

Venous blood–
• CO2 content (concentration) – 52
ml/dl
• CO2 tension -- PCO2 of 45 mm Hg
• A-V CO2 difference = 4ml/dl
CO2 present in the blood in 3
forms:

1. Simple solution
2. Bicarbonate form (HCO3) –
70%
3. Carbamino-compound
(Carbamino-Hemoglobin)
Bicarbonate form
Haldane’s effect
Binding of O2 with Hb reduces CO2 affinity for Hb is
called Haldane’s effect ;Takes place at lung level

O2 tension at alveoli cause oxygenation of Hb and


thereby decrease CO2 affinity for Hb & Causes
release of CO2 from blood into alveoli

Haldane’s effect account for 50% of CO2 release


from the blood into alveoli

Out of 4ml/dl expelled – 2ml due to P CO2


difference between blood & alveoli

Another 2ml is due to Haldane’s effect


CO2-Dissociation curve

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