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1.- Origin of Soils_a81877ffdd58d875f429bdac5ebd1217

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3 views

1.- Origin of Soils_a81877ffdd58d875f429bdac5ebd1217

Uploaded by

elmoqaid1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Origin of Soils and Rocks


(Das, Chapter 2)

1 12/14/24
Introduction

•The mineral grains that form the solid phase of a


soil aggregate are the product of rock weathering.

•The physical properties of soil are dictated by the


size, shape, and chemical composition of the grains,
and hence the rock from which is derived.

•Rocks are compact, semi-hard to hard mass


composed of one or several minerals.

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On the basis of their mode of origin, rocks can be
divided into three basic types:

•Igneous rocks
•Sedimentary rocks
•Metamorphic rocks

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Rock Cycle The formation cycle of
different types of rock
Sedimentary
and the processes
Rock associated with them.
This is called the rock
cycle.

The rock cycle is


important in any
discussion of soil
formation,
Metamorphic especially if we
Igneous
Rock know that soils are
Rock
nothing but
disintegrated
rocks.
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FORMATION OF SOILS .2

5
Soil: some definitions
Soils are formed from rock, loose unconsolidated •
materials (may be transported), or organic
.residues

The word ‘soil’ means different things to different •


people but basically it may be defined as the solid
material on the earth’s surface that results from
the interaction of weathering and biological
activity on the soil parent material or underlying
.hard rock
Weathering
This refers to the breakdown and decomposition of •
rocks, soils and minerals into smaller pieces
through contact with the atmosphere, biota and
.waters

Weathering include comprise of mechanical and •


chemical weathering
Weathering
:Photos of Mechanical Weathering

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Parent Rock

Residual soils Transported soils


~ in situ weathering (by ~ weathered and
physical & chemical transported far
agents) of parent rock away
by wind, water, ice, gravity.

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B. Transported Soils
These are soils which were formed from rock
weathering at one site and are now found at another
site. The transporting agent may be:

1.Water (Principal transporting agent)


2.Glaciers
3.Wind
4.Gravity

Transported soils are very important in


engineering because nearly all major cities
are located, at least in part, on flood plains,
deltas, and coastal plains.
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The transported soils may be classified into several
groups, depending on their mode of transportation and
deposition:

1. Glacial soils — formed by transportation and


deposition of glaciers
2. Alluvial soils —transported by running water and
deposited along streams
3. Lacustrine soils —formed by deposition in quiet lakes
4. Marine soils —formed by deposition in the seas

5. Aeolian soils —transported and deposited by wind

6. Colluvial soils —formed by movement of soil from its


original place by gravity, such as during landslides

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