Introduction

Magnetic lines of force:

Closed path radiating from north pole, passes through the
surrounding, terminates at south pole and is from south to
north pole within the body of the magnet.
Properties:
Each line forms a closed loop and
never intersect each other.
Lines are like stretched elastic
cords.
Lines of force which are parallel
and in the same direction repel
each other.

1 1
2
Force on a Charge moving in
Magnetic Field

3
Force on a Current carrying
wire in Magnetic Field

4
 Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law
Flux linkage is the magnetic flux passing through a surface area A is
given by the surface integral

If the magnetic flux density is constant and perpendicular to the surface

Flux passing through the surface bounded by a coil links the coil.

5
 Flux Linkages and Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s law of magnetic induction, a voltage is induced in a coil
whenever its flux linkages are changing. This can occur either because
the magnetic field is changing with time or because the coil is moving
relative to a magnetic field.
When the flux linking a coil changes, a voltage is induced in the coil. The
polarity of the voltage is such that if a circuit is formed by placing a resistance
across the coil terminals, the resulting current produces a field that tends to
oppose the original change in the field.

6
Lenz’s law
Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the induced voltage is such that the
voltage would produce a current (through an external resistance) that
opposes the original change in flux linkages.

When the flux linking a coil

changes, a voltage is induced in
the coil. The polarity of the voltage
is such that if a circuit is formed by
placing a resistance across the coil
terminals, the resulting current
produces a field that tends to
oppose the original change in the
field.

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8
Voltages Induced in Field-Cutting
Conductors Numerical: a conductor in
a typical dc generator
rated for 1 kW has a
length of 0.2 m, a velocity
of 12 m/s, and cuts
through a field of 0.5 T.
Find voltage induced.
A 10-turn circular coil has a
radius of 5 cm. A flux density
of 0.5 T is directed
perpendicular to the plane of the
coil. Evaluate the flux linking
the coil and the flux linkages. b.
Suppose that the flux is reduced
to zero at a uniform rate during
an interval of 1 ms. Determine
9
the voltage induced in the coil.
 Magnetic Field Intensity and Ampère’s Law
We will see that H is determined by the currents and the configuration
of the coils. μ is the magnetic permeability.

The relative permeability of a material is the ratio of its permeability

to that of free space

The value of μr ranges from several hundred to 1 million for various

iron and rare- earth alloys. The iron used in typical transformers,
motors, and generators has a relative permeability of several
10
thousand.
 Ampère’s Law
Ampère’s law states that the line integral of the magnetic field
intensity around a closed path is equal to the algebraic sum of the
currents flowing through the area enclosed by the path.

11
Magnetic Field around a Long Straight Wire
Consider a long straight wire carrying current
I out of the page as shown in Figure 15.7.
Find expressions for the magnetic field
intensity and magnetic flux density in the
space around the wire. Assume that the
material surrounding the wire has
permeability μ.

permeability is “the extent to which magnetic field lines can enter a

substance.” or “The power of conducting magnetic field lines by a
 Flux Density in a Toroidal Core
Consider the toroidal coil shown in Figure 15.8. Find an expression for the
magnetic flux density B on the center line of the core in terms of the number of
coil turns N, the current I, the permeability μ of the core, and the physical
dimensions. Then, assuming that the flux density is constant throughout the core
(this is approximately true if R >> r), find expressions for the total flux and the
flux linkages.

13
Suppose that we have a toroidal core with μr = 5000, R = 10 cm, r = 2 cm, and N =
100. The current is i(t) = 2 sin(200π t). Compute the flux and flux linkage. Then, use
Faraday’s law of induction to determine the voltage induced in the coil.

14
Magnetic Field

The space around which magnetic lines of force act.

Strong near the magnet and weakens at points away from

the magnet.

15
Introduction
Magnetic Materials

Properties:
Points in the direction of geometric north and south
pole when suspended freely and attracts iron fillings.

Classification :
Natural Magnets
Temporary magnets (exhibits these properties when
subjected to external force)
Non-magnetic materials.

16
Introduction
Electromagnets:
Principle: An electric current flowing in a conductor creates a magnetic field around it.

N
 Strength of the field is proportional to
the amount of current in the coil.
 The field disappears when the current
is turned off.
 A simple electromagnet consists of a
I
coil of insulated wire wrapped around
an iron core.
 Widely used as components of
motors, generators, relays etc.
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Magnetic circuit
The complete closed path followed by any group of
magnetic lines of flux

Equivalent electrical circuit

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Basic Definitions
Magneto Motive Force, MMF (F)
 Force which drives the magnetic lines of force
through a magnetic circuit
 MMF, F = ΦS, where ‘Φ’ is the magnetic flux and ‘S’ is the
Reluctance of the magnetic path.
 Also, For Electromagnets: Analogy: EMF, V=IR

MMF= N I (No. of turns*Current),

where N is the number of turns of the coil and I is the current
flowing in the coil
 Unit: AT (Ampere Turns)

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Basic Definitions
Magnetic flux (Φ):
 Number of magnetic lines of force created in a
magnetic circuit.
 Unit : Weber (Wb)

Analogy: Electric Current, I

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Basic Definitions
Reluctance [S]
• Opposition of a magnetic circuit to the setting up of
magnetic flux in it.
Flux  BA; F mmf Hl; B H
 BA μ0 μr A  μ0 μ r A 
  ; Hence   F
F Hl l  l 
F F  l 
  ; where S  
 l  S  0  r A 
 
 0  r A 
• S=F/ɸ Analogy: Resistance
• Unit: AT / Wb

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Basic Definitions
Magnetic Flux Density (B):
No. of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic
circuit per unit area normal to the direction of flux
lines
B = Φ/A Analogy: Current Density
Unit : Weber/m2 (Tesla)

Magnetic Field Strength (H)

 The magneto motive force per meter length
of the magnetic circuit
 H = (N I) / l Analogy: Electric field
 Unit : AT / meter strength
22
Basic Definitions
Permeability (µ)
A property of a magnetic material which indicates
the ability of magnetic circuit to carry magnetic flux.
μ = B / H Analogy: Conductivity
Unit: Henry / meter
Permeability of free space or air or non magnetic
material μ0=4*Π*10-7 Henry/m
 Relative permeability, μr : μ/μ0

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Magnetic circuit
Analogy with Electric circuits
Similarities:
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit
Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
EMF (E=IR) Volt (V) MMF (F=ɸS) Ampere-turns
Current (I) Ampere (A) Flux (ɸ) Weber (Wb)
Current density (J) A/ m2 Flux density (B) Wb / m2 or Tesla

Resistance (R) Ohm (Ω) Reluctance (S) Ampere-turns/Wb

Electric field Volts/m Magnetic field Ampere-turns/m
strength (E) strength (H)
Conductivity (σ) Siemen/m Permeability, µ Henry/m
σ=l/RA µ=l/SA
‘l’ is the length and ‘A ‘is the area of cross section of the conductor
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Magnetic Circuits

25
 Magnetic Fields

Magnetic fields can be

visualized as lines of flux
that form closed paths.

Using a compass, we can

determine the direction of
the flux lines at any point.

Note that the flux density

vector B is tangent to the
lines of flux.

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 Magnetic Materials
In general, relationship between B and H in magnetic materials is
nonlinear.
Magnetic fields of atoms in small domains are aligned (Fig. 15.18 b).
Field directions are random for various domains, so the external
magnetic field is zero.
When H is increased the magnetic fields tend to align with the applied
field.

27
 Magnetic Materials
Domains tend to maintain their alignment even if the applied field is
reduced to zero.
For very large applied field all the domains are aligned with the field and
the slope of B-H curve approaches 0.
When H is reduced to 0 from point 3 on the curve, a residual flux density B
remains in the core.
When H is increased in the reverse direction B is reduced to 0.
Hysteresis result from ac current

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Illustrations of the right-hand rule

29
 Flux Linkage and Induced Voltage

When the flux linking a coil changes, a voltage is induced

in the coil.

The polarity of the voltage is such that if a circuit is

formed by placing a resistance across the coil terminals,
the resulting current produces a field that tends to
oppose the original change in the field.

Faraday Law of magnetic induction: voltage e

induced by the flux changes is
d
e
dt
where total flux linkage is

  N  N BdA
N-number of turns, A magnetic flux passing through
the surface area A, and B is the magnetic field


30
Magnetic Hysteresis and
Hysteresis Loss
• Magnetic circuit with alternating mmf

31
 Induced EMF

A current flows through

the loop when a magnet
is moved near it, without
any batteries!

The needle deflects

momentarily when the
switch is closed
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Faraday’s Law of Induction

The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional

to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.

d B
E 
dt
where,  B B.dA

d B
For N loops, E  N
dt
33
Faraday’s Law of Induction

d B d
E  E  BA cos  
dt dt

To induce an emf we can change,

• the magnitude of B
• the area enclosed by the loop
• the angle between B and the
normal to the area
• any combination of the above

over time. 34
 Lenz’s Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce
a current that creates a magnetic flux to oppose the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the current loop.

As the bar is slid to the right,

the flux through the loop
increases.
This induces an emf that will
result in an opposing flux.

Since the external field is into

the screen, the induced field has
to be out of the screen.

Which means a
counterclockwise current 35
Induced EMF and Electric
Fields
Changing Magnetic Flux EMF Electric Field Inside a
Conductor

This induced electric field is non-conservative and time-varying

d B d B
E 
dt E.ds  dt
W qE FE 2r  General Form of
Faraday’s Law
qE qE 2r 
E
E
2r
1 d B 1 d
E 
2r dt

2r dt

r 2 B 
r dB
E  36
2 dt