Management

concepts &
Organization behavior
UNIT- 3
 Introduction to
Organization
behavior
Meaning of Organization behavior
Organization behavior is the study of Human behavior in
organizational Settings,the interface between human behavior & the
organization itself.
Definition of Organization behavior
"organization behavior is Directly concerned with the
understanding, prediction & control the Behavior of individual in an
organisation". - Fred luthans
 Why study
organisation
behavior
• OB helps to learn about themselves & how to deals with
others.
• Organization behavior is a way of thinking.
• OB is a multidisciplinary approach helps in multiple ways.
• OB Satisfy the needs to understand & predict.
• OB helps managers understand the basis of motivation &
what should they do to motivate their Subordinate.
• OB helps us to maintain cordial industrial relations which
helps to increase the overall productivity of the Industry.
 Fundamentals of
Individual Behavior
Individual behavior can be defined as a mix of responses to
external and internal stimuli. It is the way a person reacts in
different situations and the way someone expresses different
emotions like anger, happiness, love, etc.
Individual behavior framework
This psychological theory studies the patterns of interaction
between an individual and the environment. The theory is
expressed using the formula
B=F(P,E)
where, B – Behavior, F - Behavior Function, P – Person, and E -
Environment around the person.
Say for example, a well payed person who loses his job
in recession may behave differently when unemployed.

✓ Causes of individual behavior

Certain individual characteristics are responsible for the

way a person behaves in daily life situations as well as
reacts to any emergency situations. These characteristics
are categorized as −

√ Inherited characteristics
√ Learned characteristics
 Personality
The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which
refers to a theatrical mask worn by performers in order to either project
different roles or disguise their identities.

According to Stephen P . Robbins

" Personality is the sum total ways in which an individual reacts and
interacts with Others. It may be defined as those inner psychological
characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person responds to
his environment."
✓Determinants of Personality
*Biological factors
Heredity
Brain
Physical features
 * Cultural factors
* Social factors
*Family
* Situational factors
* Environmental factors

✓Personality characteristics (Traits)

Shy
Aggressive
Lazy
Loyal
Ambitious
Trait is describing the individual.These traits could help in employee selection,
matching people with jobs & in guiding career development decision.
Management could use personality test to screen job candidates & improve
employee job performances.

The Myers -Briggs type indicator (MBTI)

* Personality- assessment instrument.
* 100 questions personality test that ask people how they usually
feel or act in particular situation.

CLASSIFICATION OF MBTI
√ Extroverted vs Introverted
√Sensing vs Intuitive
√Thinking vs Feeling
√Judging vs Perceiving
 MBTI is not a best model of personality because MBTI results
tend to be unrelated to job performance.It probably should not
be used as a selection test for choosing among job candidates.

The Big- five model

√ Extroversion
* Extroverts- Gregarious, assertive and sociable.
*Introverts- Reserved, timid and quiet.
√ Agreeableness
* Highly agreeable people are cooperative,warm& trusting.
* People who score low on agreeableness are cold,disaggreable
& antagonistic.
 √ Conscientiousness
* A highly conscientous person is responsible, organised,
dependable and persistent.
* Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted,
disorganised and unreliable.
√Emotional stability
* People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm,self
confident and secure.
*People with negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious,
depressed and insecure.
√Openness to experiences
*Extremely open people are creative, curious and artistically
sensitive.
*Those at the other end of the openness category are
conventional and find comfort in the familiar environment.
 Major personality attributes influencing OB
√ locus of control
√ Machiavellianism
√Self esteem
√ Self monitoring
√Risk taking

✓TYPES OF PERSONALITY
Type A: perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed,
achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed
Type B: low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable
to change, patient, tendency to procrastinate
 Type C: highly conscientious, perfectionists, struggle to reveal
emotions (positive and negative)
Type D: feelings of worry, sadness, irritability, pessimistic
outlook, negative self-talk, avoidance of social situations, lack of
self-confidence, fear of rejection.

Personality effectiveness
Personal effectiveness means getting the best out of your
self.It's an approach to sucess that involves utilising all your
energy,skill & motivation to develop & reach the goal you Set for
yourself. Individual wIth good Personal effectiveness tends to
Constantly achieve for more & Advance there career & Develop
in both the personal & in the professional sense.
√Skills that will greatly increase the personal effectiveness
*Determination
* Self confidence
 * Persistence
* Managing stress
*Problem solving skills
*Creativity
* Generating ideas.

WHAT IS ATTITUDE ?
* Attitude are the evaluating statement either favourable or
unfavorable about objects people or events.
* Basically it reflect how we feel about something.

*Ex- when I say" I like my job" it express attitude towards my job.

 NATURE OF ATTITUDE
* Attitude are learnt (social interaction and experiences.
*Attitude has an object (person, place or thing)
*Attitude influence behavior.
*Attitude is relatively stable phenomenon.
(It's not like perception however, it may change).
Components of Attitude
*Cognitive component
* Affective component
* Behavioral component.
1.Cognitive component
* The aspects of attitude involves belief or knowledge towards
people object or thing.
* It's involves information, facts Or ideas which individual have.
Ex- I believe that my immune system can fight corona virus.
 2. Affective component
* The aspect of attitude involves emotion or feeling towards people
object or thing.
Ex-I feel angry for those who don't follow rules.

3. Behavioral component
* The aspects of attitude involves action towards people object or
things.
* Based on the information & emotions, we act towards a person,
object or thing.
Ex-I am going to leave my job.

Types of attitude
√ Positive Attitude
*Confidence
 * Happiness
*Sincerity
* Determination

√ Negative Attitude
*Anger
*Doubt
*Frustration

√ Neutral Attitude
√ Sikken Attitude
One of the most dangerous type of attitude & different. The SIKKEN
ATTITUDE has the calibre to destroy every image that comes in connection
with a positive imageimageimage.It is necessary to Let go off this kind of
attitude for betterment of self and the people around You. They are often
difficult to be mended because the attitude is deep- rooted within one's
personality.
 Theory of attitude Formation
1. Cognitive consistency theory
* Balance theory
* Congruity theory
*Affective cognitive Consistency Theory
*Cognitive dissonance theory.
2. Functional theory
3.Social judgement theory

✓Types of attitude
* Job satisfaction
*Job involvement
*Organisation commitment
 ✓ Formation of attitude
* Direct experience
* Social learning ( family,peer groups, religious organization & culture)
* Media
*Economic status & occupation.

✓ Attitude change
* Compliance
it refers to a change in behavior based on consequences,such as
individual hopes to gain rewards or punishment.
*Identification
one's change of beliefs & affect in order to be similar to someone one
admire or likes.
* Internalisation.
Adopting an attitude bcoz it is congruent with one' s overall value
systems.
 Foundation of Group behavior
What is group ?
A group is basically an assemblage of people.It can be understood as a
collection of individuals ( two or more ),who come together & interact
with each Other,so as to achieve the objectives of organization.
Types of Group
 Bruce Tuckman's stages of
group development ( 1965)
 Group dynamics
Group dynamics can be used as a means for problem
solving, team work,and to become more innovative and
productive as an organisation as a whole.
Group dynamics deals with the attitude & behavioral
Patterns of a group.Group dynamics Concern how group are
formed , what is their structure & which processes are
followed in their Functioning.
Types of teams you could use in the workplace.
* Formal & informal teams
* Committees
* Problem solving teams
* Self directed & Self managed teams.
 Group Cohesiveness
Group Cohesiveness is one of the characteristics of the
groups, which is very important from behaviourists point
of view.
* Cohesiveness is the degree to which the group members
are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in
the groups.
* Cohesiveness defines the degree of closeness that the
members feel with the groups.
✓ Consequences of Cohesiveness
Group Cohesiveness has only positive consequences:
* More participation
* More Conformity
 * More success
*More communication
*More personal satisfaction
* High productivity

✓ Managerial actions for increasing Cohesiveness.

1. Make the group smaller.
2.Encourage agreement with group goals.
3. Increase the time members spend together.
4. Stimulate competition with other groups.
5.Give rewards to the group rather than to members.
Increase interaction among members.
 Managerial actions to
decrease Cohesiveness
1. Increase group size.
2.Restrict interactions among members.
3.Reduce the time members spend together.
4. Allocate rewards to individuals rather than to group
members.
5. Disband the group.

Interpersonal Behavior
Interpersonal behavior may include both verbal
communication & nonverbal cues, such as body language
or facial expressions.
 Interpersonal behavior is basically how " two persons"
interact in any setting. It is extremely important in
organization or even schools and other institutions to
strengthen interpersonal relationships.

Interpersonal skills(IS)
also known as people skills, soft skills or emotional
intelligence, are related to the way you Communicate&
interact with others.
* IS are the behaviors & tactics a person uses to interact with
others effectively.
* Interpersonal communication is the Process of face- to -
face exchange of thoughts, ideas, feelings& emotions
between two or more people through verbal & non- verbal
methods.
Ex- emotional intelligence, empathy etc.
Types of interpersonal skills
1. Interpersonal co- operative behavior
2. Interpersonal conflicting behavior

✓ Importance of IS
* Develop team dynamics
* Strengthen communication
* Enhances employment opportunities
* Paves path to the success
* Conflict management
*Helps in problem solving & decision making
* Change management
 How to improve
interpersonal skills ?
* Be enthusiastic & engaged when interacting with
people.
* Seek out opportunities to build relationships.
* Smile and use positive body language.
* Observe others positive interpersonal interaction.
* Practice active listening.
* Resolve conflict.
* Seek out mentorship
* Appreciate others .
 analysis
* The study of human behavior is very complex &
Complicated.
* To study interpersonal relations in an organisation,
transaction Analysis is one of the basic approach.
Transactions analysis developed by psychiatrist Eric Berne, is a
form of modern psychology in 1950, that examines person' s
relationships & interactions.
* It helps people to understand their own & other' s behavior.
* It is based On the theory that each person has three ego- states:
parent, adult & child.
* It helps in identifying the ego states of each individual to
understand their behavior and altering them to solve the emotional
problems.
 Segments of TA
1.Structural analysis- Study of ego states
2. Transactions - Interaction between people
3.Life position - Self confidence & confidence in others .

THREE EGO STATES

1. Parent: who acted with quite a maturity when he was a
child.
* He possess a parental traits of overprotective, dogmatic,
upright & behaves Very judiciously.
* Nurturing Parent: caring , helping & loving.
* Controlling parent: critical, Punishing.
 2.Adult
The adult ego shows the logical thinking & reasoning ability of an
individual.The person behaving or interacting with adult ego seeks
all the information properly. Validate it using his reasoning skills
and then provide it to the other people.
3. Child
The child ego refers to the state of individual when he
behaves illogically & takes quick action s to satisfy the
immediate needs without thinking much about its
consequences.
* Natural child: curious, creative, open, loving.
*Adaptive child : guilty, afraid, anxious.
*Rebellion child: anger, dear.
FREUD'S MENTAL
STATE
 2.Transactions
When individual communicate their ego - states interact to
create transactions

* If the ego- states interact & blend in a healthy way,

transactions tend to be healthier.

Transactions may be classified as:

1. Complementary ( Straight forward )
2.Non- Complementary (crossed )
3.Ulterior
 Types of
transactions
 Life positions
* Life positions is thus an interesting theory that brings
attention to our psychological patterns of thinking,
feeling & behaving.
* Our decisions are based on the responses we receive
from parents or parental figures.
 Johari window
It was developed by American Psychologist Joseph Luft
and Harry Ingham in 1955, hence the name JOHARI.
Thank
you...