PRACTICAL

Research
Prepared by:
MS. MARY JANE A. SAKAY
 UNIT 1
NATURE OF
Research
 CHAPTER 1

WHAT IS
Research?
 DEFINITION OF
RESEARCH
Research is an organized investigation and
study of materials and sources to create
facts and reach new inferences. Research
has come up with developing appropriate
solutions to improve the individual’s quality
of life. Although it may take place in a
different setting and may use different
methods, scientific research is universally a
systematic and objective search for reliable
knowledge (Walker, 2010)
 DEFINITION OF
RESEARCH
According to Palipis, 2004
research plays an important role.
Its main purpose is to answer a
question or to solve an issue.
 DEFINITION OF
RESEARCH
According to Crawford, as cited by
Alcantara & Espina, 1995 research
tested approach of thinking and
employing validated instruments and
steps in order to obtain a more
adequate solution to a problem that is
otherwise impossible to address under
ordinary means.
 Research?
Basic Research This is the type of Applied Research It is
research that is purely a direct a type of research
application but increases the that needs an answer
nature of understanding about to a specific question.
It provides solutions
the problem. It develops the and validation in order
scientific theories to be more to apply to the real
understandable to the readers. setting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
Research
CHARACTERIS
TICS OF
Research
Systematic
Objective
Feasible
Empirical
Clear
 the research should be

Systematic
There is a system to follow in
conducting research as there
is a system for formulating
each of its parts. There is a
big system and under it are
small systems.
MACRO MICRO
SYSTEM SYSTEM
It is composed of Each chapter
chapters that are consists of
organized in a detailed
logical and scientific content.
manner.
The contents are further divided into elements that are
organized following a systematic procedure.
 the research should be

OBJECTIVE
Research involves the objective
process of analyzing phenomena
of importance to any profession
or different fields or disciplines
(Nieswiadomy, 2005).
 the research should be

FEASIBLE
Any problem of extraordinary nature
that directly or indirectly affects any
profession is a feasible problem to
study. In setting like in community,
school, or workplace, unusual
phenomena may happen can turn
into potential problems.
 the research should be

EMPIRICAL
There should be supporting pieces of
evidence and accompanying details for
every variable used in the study. References
and citations of facts and information that
the researcher has gathered in his on her
paper must be included.
PLAGIARISM
Constitute claiming another
person’s idea or intellectual
property as one’s own.
Through proper attribution, the researcher
states that the knowledge being shared
through the study was taken from the
study of the experts.
PLAGIARISM
THE LAW: REPUBLIC
ACT NO. 8293
[An Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code
and Establishing the Intellectual Property Office,
Providing for Its Powers and Functions, and for
Other Purposes] otherwise known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
 the research should be

CLEAR
The choice of variables used in the study
should be explained by the researcher.
This can be done by enriching the review
of related literature or by discussing the
different theories on which the selection
of the variables is based.
RESEARC
Paradigm
H
RESE Paradigm
The research paradigm is an outline that
ARCH
guides the researcher in conceptualizing
and conducting the research.
An effective research must address
these two important aspects:

Research Research
Foundations Methodology
RESEA Foundation
It refers to the fundamental components of research such as the:

RCH
Research Research
Problem Purpose
Specific Conceptual
Questions Framework
RESEAProblem
In formulating research problem
RCH it requires describing the
undesirable situations related to
the problem and needed
knowledge or information in
order to solve that problem.
RESEAPurpose
RCH
The purpose of the
research describes how
the study will fill this
“Knowledge Gap”.
 RESEAQuestion
MayRCH
be either framed in a quantitative
(how much, how often, to what extent)
or qualitative (what, why, how)
manner.
CONCE Framework
Is an outline or paradigm that
PTUAL
presents the topics to be
studied, the various variables
and contexts, and how these
relate to or influence each other.
RESEAMethodology
Describes how the researcher will answer the

RCH
research questions in a credible manner. The
methodology of research includes the:
review of research
literature approach or
& studies research design
data collection & conclusion &
analysis recommendation
 Review of
LITERATURE
It analyzes the existing
knowledge regarding the
research topic. It identifies gaps
in information that may be
addressed by the research.
 RESEA
Approach & Design
RCH
It identifies what is the best means
to collect and analyze data in the
study. The design is used to clarify
and improve the research problem,
purpose and questions.
 DATA
Collection
It gives the methods to determine
who will participate in the study,
how the variables will be
measured, and how the data will
be documented and collected.
 DATA
Analysis
The data collected will the
undergo data analysis, which
consists of the strategies and
methods that makes sense of the
data to answer the research
problem and questions.
 Conclusion
Summarizes the key results of the study
and discusses how these are relevant to
the research problem. At this point, the
research addresses and determines if
they are accepted or rejected. It also
addresses the knowledge gap and
presents new insights into the problem.
OUTLINE OF THE
Research Paper
A research paper is
divided into chapters
which are then
subdivided into various
components of the
research study.
 OUTLINE OF THE
Research Paper
CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its Background
CHAPTER 2 : Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology
CHAPTER 4: Presentation, Analysis, &
Interpretation of Data
CHAPTER 5: Summary, Conclusions, &
Recommendations
 Chapte
r 1 and
The Problem
Its Background
a.Introduction, Background of the Study
b.Statement of the Problem
c.Scope and Delimitation
d.Significance of the Study
 Chapte
Theoreticalr 2Framework
a. Review of Related Literature
b. Review of Related Studies
c. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
d. Hypothesis of the Study
e. Assumptions of the Study
f. Definition of Terms
 Chapt
Researcher
Methodology
3
a. Research Design
b. Respondents of the Study
c. Instrument of the Study
d. Validity and Reliability
e. Statistical Treatment
 Chapte
Presentation,
r 4 Analysis,
& Interpretation of Data
a. Presentation of Data
b. Analysis
c. Interpretation
d. Discussion
 Chapte
Summary, rConclusions,
5
& Recommendations
a. Summary of Findings
b. Conclusion
c. Recommendation
Roles of Researcher
According to Nieswiadomy (2005), the researcher serves different
the1. As principalrolesinvestigator
in the study.

2. As member of a research team

3. As identifier of researchable problems
4. As evaluator of research findings
5. As user of findings
6. As patients or client advocate during the study
7. As subject/ respondent/ participant
 Goals for
Research
CONDUCTING
Research is a scientific endeavor which serves
many goals in different fields, educational
disciplines and even professional life of the
researcher. Some of the goals for the research are
as follows:
1. To produce evidence-based practice
2. To establish credibility in the profession
3. To observe accountability for the profession
4. To promote cost-effectiveness through documentation
 Importance
Research
of
Research is very important. It provides
scientific basis for any discipline and
its continuous development. It helps
develop tools to improve the
effectiveness of solving problems, and
formulate solutions to problems
concerning almost all issues.
 Ethical Codes and
Policies for Research,
Resnik, 2007
Responsible Publication - Avoid duplicating
publications.
Responsible Mentoring - Help to educate, mentor,
and advise others.
Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly.
Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good.
Avoid social harm.
Non-Discrimination avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the basis of sex, races,
ethnicity, and or others
Honesty - Maintain all communication. Data should
not be faked.
Objectivity - Avoid biases in experimental designs,
data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and
other aspects of research.
Integrity - Keep your promises and agreements.
Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and
negligence.
Openness - Share data, results, ideas and tools.
Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Confidentiality - Protect confidential
communication.
 Legality - Be informed and obey relevant
laws and institutional governmental
policies.
 Respect of Intellectual Property - Give
proper acknowledgment or credits to all
researchers.
 Human Subject - Minimize risks that
involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.
end