Gas Turbine Cycle

Fall 2023, NAME-11

Course Code: NAME 177
Course Title: Thermal Engineering
Course Teacher: Cdr Tasnuva
Department of NAME, MIST

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Gas Power System

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T-s diagram for the ideal
turbojet cycle

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 Power System
 Gas Turbine Power Plants. Gas turbines tend to be lighter and more
compact than the vapor power plants. The favorable power-output-to-weight ratio
of gas turbines makes them well suited for transportation applications (aircraft
propulsion, marine power plants, and so on). Gas turbines are also commonly
used for stationary power generation.

 There are two types GT power plant as follows:

a. Open Type.
b. Closed Type.

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 Gas Power System
 Open Type. This is an engine
in which atmospheric air is continuously
drawn into the compressor, where it is
compressed to a high pr. The air then
enters a combustion chamber, or
combustor, where it is mixed with fuel and
combustion occurs, resulting in combustion
products at an elevated temp. The
combustion products expand through the
turbine and are subsequently discharged to
the surroundings. Part of the turbine work
developed is used to drive the compressor;
the remainder is available to generate
electricity, to propel a vehicle, or for other
purposes.

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 Gas Power System
 Closed Type. In the
system, the working fluid
receives an energy input by heat
transfer form an external source,
for example a gas cooled
nuclear reactor. The gas exiting
the turbine is passed through a
heat exchanger, where it is
cooled prior to re-entering the
compressor.

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 Air Standard Brayton

Cycle
Air would be drawn into the
compressor at state 1 from the
surroundings and later returned to
the surroundings at state 4 with a
temp greater than the ambient
temp. After interacting with the
surroundings, each unit mass of
discharged air would eventually
return to the same state as the air
entering the compressor, so we
may think of the air passing
through the components of the
gas turbine as undergoing a
thermodynamic cycle which is
called Brayton Cycle.

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 Air Standard Brayton
Cycle
An air standard Brayton Cycle consists of four
processes as follows:
 Process 12 (Isentropic Compression) :
Ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it
is pressurized.
 Process 23 (Constant pressure heat
addition): The compressed air then runs through a
combustion chamber, where fuel is burned.
 Process 34 (Isentropic expansion): The
heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy,
expanding through a turbine.
 Process 41(Constant pressure heat
rejection): Heat rejection in the atmosphere.

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 Air Standard Brayton
 Cycle Analysis:
Cycle

Assuming the turbine operates adiabatically and with negligible effects of K.E and
P.E .
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A.S.E. (Thermnal)of Brayton
Cycle
Then we can write the expression of thermal efficiency for
Brayton cycle in terms of :

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Air Standard Brayton
Cycle

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 Air Standard Brayton

Cycle
Application of Brayton Cycle:

 Electric Power Generation

 Aircraft Propulsion

 Propulsion of Ship

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Problem-1
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a
pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor
inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the air-standard
assumptions, determine
(a) The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine,
(b) the back work ratio, and
(c) the thermal efficiency.

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Gas Turbine Irreversibility
and Losses.
 Because of frictional effects within the compressor and
turbine, the working fluid would experience increases in
specific entropy across these components. Owing to friction,
there also would be pr drops as the working fluid passes
through the heat exchangers.

 Frictional pr drops are less significant sources of

irreversibility, we ignore them in subsequent discussions.

 For simplicity show the flow through the heat

exchangers as occurring at constant pr. This is illustrated by
Fig (b).
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Gas Turbine Irreversibility
and Losses.

Fig. Effect of irreversibilities on the air-standard gas turbine.

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Problem-2
Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80 percent and a turbine
efficiency of 85 percent, determine
(a) the back work ratio,
(b) the thermal efficiency, and
(c) the turbine exit temperature of the gas-turbine cycle discussed in
problem-1

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 Regenerative Gas
Turbines
 In gas-turbine engines, the temp of the exhaust gas
leaving the turbine is often considerably higher than the temp
of the air leaving the compressor.

 Therefore, the high-pr air leaving the compressor can be

heated by transferring heat to it from the hot exhaust gases in
a counter-flow heat exchanger, which is also known as a
regenerator or a recuperator.

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Regenerative Gas Turbines

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 Why Regeneration?
 The th of the Brayton cycle increases as a result of regeneration since the
portion of energy of the exhaust gases that is normally rejected to the
surroundings is now used to preheat the air entering the combustion chamber.
 This, in turn, decreases the heat input (thus fuel) requirements for the same
net work output.
 Note, however, that the use of a regenerator is recommended only when the
turbine exhaust temp is higher than the compressor exit temp. Otherwise, heat will
flow in the reverse direction (to the exhaust gases), decreasing the efficiency. This
situation is encountered in gas-turbine engines operating at very high pr ratios.

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 Regenerative Gas
 Turbines
The regenerator shown is a counter-flow heat exchanger through
which the hot turbine exhaust gas and the cooler air leaving the
compressor pass in opposite directions. Ideally, no frictional pr drop
occurs in either stream.

 The turbine exhaust gas is cooled from state 4 to state 6, while the
air exiting the compressor is heated from state 2 to state 5. Hence, a heat
transfer from a source external to the cycle is required only to increase
the air temp from state 5 to state 3, rather than from state 2 to state 3, as
would be the case without regeneration.

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Regenerative Gas Turbines

The extent to which a regenerator

approaches an ideal regenerator is
called
the effectiveness and is defined
as

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Problem 3
Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas-turbine described in
problem 2 if a regenerator having an effectiveness of 80 percent is
installed.

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Gas Turbines with Reheat
 For metallurgical reasons, the temp of the gaseous combustion products
entering the turbine must be limited. This temp can be controlled by providing air in
excess of the amount required to burn the fuel in the combustor.

 As a consequence, the gases exiting the combustor contain sufficient air to

support the combustion of additional fuel.

 Some gas turbine power plants take advantage of the excess air by means
of a multistage turbine with a reheat combustor between the stages. With this
arrangement the net work per unit of mass flow can be increased.

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Gas Turbines with Reheat

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Gas Turbines with Reheat
 After expansion from state 3 to state a
in the first turbine, the gas is reheated at
constant pr from state a to state b. The
expansion is then completed in the second
turbine from state b to state 4.

 The ideal Brayton cycle without reheat,

1–2–3–4’–1, is shown on the same T–s
diagram for comparison. Because lines of
constant pr on a T–s diagram diverge
slightly with increasing entropy, the total
work of the two-stage turbine is greater than
that of a single expansion from state 3 to
state 4’.
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Gas Turbines with Reheat
 Thus, the net work for the reheat cycle is
greater than that of the cycle without reheat.
Despite the increase in net work with reheat,
the cycle thermal efficiency would not
necessarily increase because a greater total
heat addition would be required.

 However, the temp at the exit of the

turbine is higher with reheat than without
reheat, so the potential for regeneration is
enhanced.

 When reheat and regeneration are used

together, the thermal efficiency can increase
significantly. 26
Compression with Inter-
cooling

Fig . Two-stage compression with inter-cooling.

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Compression with Inter-coolin

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Compression with Inter-
cooling
p–v and T–s diagrams show the states for internally reversible processes:

 Process 1– c is an isentropic compression from state 1 to state c where the

pr is pi.

 Process c–d is constant-pr cooling from temp Tc to Td.

 Process d–2 is an isentropic compression to state 2.

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 Reheat and Inter-

cooling
Reheat between turbine
stages and inter cooling
between compressor stages
provide two important
advantages : The net work
output is increased, and the
potential for regeneration is
enhanced. Accordingly, when
reheat are used together
with regeneration, substantial
improvement in performance
can be realized.

 The pr drops that would occurs as the working fluid passes through
the intercooler, regenerator, and combustors are now shown. 30
Reheat, Regenerator &
Inter-cooling

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Combined Gas-Vapor Power
Cycle
Gas-turbine cycles typically operate at
considerably higher temps than steam
cycles. The maximum fluid temp at the
turbine inlet is about 6200C for modern
steam power plants, but over 14250C for
gas-turbine power plants. It is over
15000C at the burner exit of turbojet
engines. It makes engineering sense to
take advantage of the very desirable
characteristics of the gas-turbine cycle
at high-temp and to use the high temp
exhaust gases as the energy source for
the bottoming cycle as a steam power
cycle. This is called combined cycle.
Combined cycles can achieve high
thermal efficiencies, some of recent
ones have η about 60%.
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