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BACKCROSS

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BACKCROSS

Uploaded by

febavarghese
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BACKCROSS BREEDING

BACKCROSS BREEDING
• Backcross refers to crossing of F1 with
either of its parents
• When F1 is crossed with homozygous
recessive parent, it is known as test
cross
• A system of breeding in which repeated
backcrosses are made to transfer a
specific character to a well adapted
variety for which the variety is deficient is
called backcross breeding.
BACKCROSS BREEDING
• Backcross method of breeding is used in both self and cross
pollinated crops
• Application : To improve specific character of a well adapted
variety for which it is resistant. Used mainly to transfer
monogenic or oligo genic characters. It is used to transfer
highly heritable characters.
1. Parental material:
- RECIPIENT PARENT : The parent which receives desirable
character
- RECURRENT PARENT: Recipient parent is used
repeateadly in a breeding programme.
- The recipient parent will be a well adapted high yielding
variety of an area which is deficient in one or few characters
• DONOR PARENT: The parent which donates
the desirable character
• NON RECURRENT PARENT : Donor parent is
used only once in crossing so it is also called
non recurrent parent.
2. Genetic constitution: retains the genotype
of the original variety except for the character
3. Number of backcrosses: Generally, 5-6
backcrosses are sufficient to retain the
genotype
• In backcross method of breeding, the hybrid
and the progenies in subsequent generations
are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the
parents.
• As a result, the genotype of the
backcross progeny becomes
increasingly similar to that of the
recurrent parent.
• The objective of backcross method is to
improve one or two specific defects of a
high yielding variety.
Pre-requisite for back cross
breeding
1. A suitable recurrent parent must be
available which lacks in one or two
characteristics.
2. A suitable donor parent must be available
3. The character to be transferred must have
high heritability and preferably it should
be determined by one or two genes.
4. A sufficient number of back crosses should
be made so that the genotype of recurrent
parent is recovered in full.
Application of back cross
method
1. Intervarietal transfer of simply inherited
characters
E.g. Disease resistance, seed coat colour
2. Intervarietal transfer of quantitative characters.
E.g. Plant height, Seed size, Seed shape.
3. Interspecific transfer of simply inherited
characters
E.g. Transfer of disease resistance from related species to
cultivated species.
E.g. Resistance to black arm disease in cotton from wild
tetraploid species into
G.hirsutum
4. Transfer of cytoplasm:
This is employed to transfer male
sterility. The female parent will be
having the sterile cytoplasm and
recurrent parent will be used as male
parent.
E.g. Sesamum malabariucum x
S.indicum
(Female parent) (Recurrent
parent).
5. Transgressive segregation
Back cross method may be modified
to produce transgressive
segregants. The F1 is backcrossed
to recurrent parent for 2 to 3 times
for getting transgressive segregants.
6. Production of isogenic lines.
Isogenic lines are defined
as individuals that possess the same
genotype irrespective of their homo-
7. Germplasm conversion: E.g.
Production of photo insensitive line
from photo Sensitive germplasm
through back crossing. This was done
in the case of sorghum. Popularly
known as conversion programme.
Procedure for backcross
method

• The Plan of backcross method would


depend upon whether the gene being
transferred is recessive or dominant.
• The plan for transfer of a dominant
gene is simpler than that for a
recessive gene.
STEPS IN TRANSFER OF A
DOMINANT GENE
• Suppose wilt resistance in cotton is
controlled by a dominant gene RR.
• Donor parent B having resistance gene RR
• The resistance gene has to be transferred to
an adapted variety A, which is susceptible to
wilt
• The adapted variety A can be used as the
recurrent parent and the donor variety B is
used as the non recurrent parent.
• The F1 will be wilt resistant but Heterozygous
• Backcrossing F1 (Rr) to the susceptible variety
(rr) will produce resistant and susceptible
plants in equal number in BC1F1 (1RR : 1rr)
• The resistant cotton plants can be identified
by growing the plant in a wilt sick plot
• The resistant plants (Rr) are then backcrossed
with the adapted variety (BC2F1)
• Generally 6-8 backcrosses are sufficient to
obtain plants identical to the adapted variety
except for the added genes for wilt resistance
• The wilt resistant plants are
heterozygous (Rr). They are selfed
for one generation to make them
homozygous resistant plants (RR)
• All the resistant true breeding plants
are bulked and released as a new
variety.
• The variety released in such a way is
identical to the adapted variety
First Year Non-Recurrent Recurrent
Parent B RR x rr Parent
A
Resistant to wilt Susceptible to
wilt
Rr x rr BC1
(Resistant )
Rr x rr BC2
Rr x rr BC3
Rr x rr BC4
Rr x rr BC5
Back cross upto 6th or 7th generation.
After 7th BC rust resistant lines are self pollinated.
Harvest is done on single plant basis
8th Season
a) Individual plant progenies grown
b) Homozygous plants having
resistance and resembling parent
A are selected
Harvested and bulked
9th season Yield trials.
10th season Seed
multiplication and distribution
Transfer of recessive gene
• Suppose the wilt resistance in cotton is controlled by a
recessive gene (rr)
• The progeny of each backcross will segregate into two
genotypes RR and Rr which cannot be identified
• Therefore it is necessary to self the population after
each backcross to obtain resistant homozygous
recessive plant
• The resistant plants can be identified by growing F2 in
a sick wilt plot
• The resistant plants are backcrossed with the adapted
variety
• HERE , EACH BACKCROSS IS FOLLOWED BY ONE
SELFING
First Year Non recurrent Parent Recurrent Parent
B A
rr x RR

F1 Rr x RR BC1

RR, Rr
Selfing
BC1F2
RR, Rr, rr

BC2
rr x RR

BC3
Rr x RR
Rr , RR

Selfing

Rr , RR, rr BC3F2

BC5F2

BC5F3

Replicated yield trials

Seed multiplication and


distribution
Merits of backcross
breeding
• It retains all the characters of the popular adapted
variety and replaces the undesirable alleles
• Useful for transfer of oligogenic characters like
disease resistance
• Used for the development of varieties with multiple
disease resistance
• Used for the transfer of male sterility and fertility
restorer genes to various agronomic bases
• Only breeding method for interspecific gene
transfer
• Variety released does not need multilocation trials
as it is identical to the popular adapted variety
Demerits of backcross
breeding

• It is a tedious method. The backcross


have to be made for 6-8 generations
• Sometimes if any undesirable
character is also linked to the
desirable gene, it will also get
transferred to the new variety
ACHIEVEMENTS

• Several varieties resistant to various


diseases have been developed in
wheat, cotton and several other
crops.
• In cotton, varieties Digvijay, Vijalpa
and Kalyan which belong to
Gossypium herbaceum have been
developed.

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