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13 views12 pages

sam pptx

Uploaded by

samuelraj5358
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PARATHYROID

FUNCTIONS
PRESENTED BY :-
SAMUEL RAJ
INTRODUCTION
 The parathyroid glands, four tiny structures situated near the
thyroid in the neck, are essential for maintaining a delicate
balance of calcium in the body.
 These pea-sized glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH),
which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
 Despite their small size, the parathyroid glands play a crucial
role in supporting bone health and ensuring proper functioning
of nerves and muscles.
ANATOMY OF THE
PARATHYROID GLANDS
 Typically, there are two pairs of parathyroid glands – superior (upper) and
inferior (lower).
 Parathyroid glands are quite small, ranging from the size of a grain of rice
to a small pea.
 The parathyroid glands are vascularized by the inferior thyroid arteries,
which branch off from the external carotid arteries.
 These glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a crucial regulator of
calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.
 PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and digestive system to maintain calcium
homeostasis.
 Parathyroid glands consist of chief cells, responsible for PTH production,
and oxyphil cells, whose function is less clear.
PARATHYROID HARMONE
(PTH)
 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid
glands, located in the neck.
 Its primary function is to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
 PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones, enhances its
reabsorption in the kidneys, and indirectly promotes its absorption in the
intestines by activating vitamin D.
 PTH plays a vital role in maintaining calcium homeostasis, and its secretion
is tightly regulated by negative feedback based on blood calcium levels.
CALCIUM REGULATION
 Calcium regulation involves maintaining a balance of calcium levels in the
blood for proper physiological function. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitonin play key roles in this process.
 Parathyroid harmone (PTH) :-

Produced by the parathyroid glands, PTH increases blood calcium levels.


 Calcitonin :-

Produced by the thyroid gland, calcitonin helps lower blood calcium levels.
 Negative feedback loop :-

When blood calcium is low, PTH is released to increase levels, and when it’s
high, calcitonin is released to decrease levels.
PHOSPHORUS REGULATION
 Phosphorus regulation is a crucial aspect of maintaining mineral balance in the
body, primarily orchestrated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and dietary intake.
Phosphorus, an essential mineral, is involved in various physiological processes,
including bone health, energy metabolism, and cellular function.
 Parathyroid harmone (PTH) :-

When blood phosphorus levels decrease, PTH is released, stimulating the release
of phosphorus from bones and increasing its reabsorption in the kidneys.
 Dietary intake :-

Phosphorus is obtained through the diet, commonly from sources like dairy
products, meat, and nuts.
 Calcitonin :-

It inhibits the release of phosphorus from bones.


KIDNEY FUNCTION
 The kidneys play a significant role in the functions of the parathyroid
glands, particularly in the regulation of calcium levels in the body.
 Calcium reabsorption :-

The parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) when blood


calcium levels are low. PTH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium,
reducing its excretion in urine and conserving it within the body.
 Phosphorous regulation :-

PTH also influences the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of phosphorus,


further assisting in maintaining mineral balance.
 Activation of vitamin D :-

PTH activates vitamin D in the kidneys.


VITAMIN-D ACTIVATION
 Vitamin D activation is a crucial process that primarily occurs in the
kidneys.
 Provitamin D Absorption :-

Provitamin D, obtained through sunlight exposure or dietary sources, is


converted to an inactive form in the skin or absorbed from the intestines.
 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Interaction :-

The activation of vitamin D in the kidneys is influenced by parathyroid


hormone (PTH), which is released in response to low blood calcium levels.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
 The physiological significance of parathyroid functions lies in their crucial
role in maintaining mineral homeostasis, particularly with respect to
calcium levels in the body.
 Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low
blood calcium levels.
 Adequate calcium levels, regulated by PTH, are crucial for proper
neuromuscular function.
 The physiological significance of parathyroid functions is paramount in
ensuring the integrity of the skeletal system, neuromuscular coordination,
and the proper functioning of various organs and systems dependent on
mineral homeostasis.
DISORDERS AFFECTING
PARATHYROID FUNCTIONS
 Disorders affecting parathyroid functions can disrupt the delicate balance of
calcium regulation in the body.
 Hyperparathyroidism :-
 In this disorder, one or more parathyroid glands become overactive, leading
to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion.
 Results in elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia), causing symptoms
like fatigue, kidney stones, and bone pain.
 Hypoparathyroidism :-
 Characterized by insufficient PTH production, often due to surgical removal of
parathyroid glands.
 Leads to low blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia), causing muscle spasms,
tingling, and seizures.
CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, the parathyroid glands play a vital role in maintaining the
balance of calcium in the body.
 The release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) orchestrates processes crucial
for bone health, neuromuscular function, and overall homeostasis.
 Disorders affecting parathyroid functions, such as hyperparathyroidism or
hypoparathyroidism, underscore the significance of these glands.
 Timely diagnosis and management are essential for preventing
complications and maintaining optimal health.
Reference :-

THANK YOU!

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