Mathematics-I

GTU#(3110014)

Unit-3
Fourier Series

Prof. NISHANT J. KHIRAIYA

Humanities & Science
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
9510203024
Half Range Fourier Cosine Series in the interval
 The half range fourier cosine series for the function in the
interval is
defined by

Where, the constants and are given by

L L
2
a 0= ∫ f ( x ) dx
L 0
2
a n= ∫ f ( x ) cos
L0
nπx
L
dx ( )
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 2
Method:3
Find a cosine series for in the interval .
Example
:1
Solution:

[ ]
2❑
2 ❑❑ x
π
We have, ⟹ L=π ¿ π x−
π ❑2
❑
0
L
2
Now ,a 0= ∫ f ( x ) dx a 0¿ π
L0
π
2 ( π − x ) dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 3

Method:3 Example – 1(continue)
L
2
Now ,a n= ∫ f ( x ) cos
L0
π
nπx
L
dx ( )
2
¿ ∫(❑ π − x cos) nx dx
π 0

[+¿ ( ) ( ]
π
2 2 ❑
¿
π π
sin nx
(π −x) n
cos nx
−( − 1 )− n2
❑) 0

2 2 (2
[{− }−{− ❑} ]
❑
n
−1) 1
2
¿ 2
π π π n2 π
n
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 4
Method:3 Example – 1(continue)

2 2 (2
[{ }{ 1 ❑
}]
n
−1) 2
¿ −
π π π n2
−−n ❑
π 2

2
[− ❑
]
n
2 ( −1) 1
¿
π π n2 n❑
2 +¿

[ ]
n
2 1 −( − 1)
a n¿
π n2

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 5

Method:3 Example – 1(continue)

Now , Half range cosine series for is,

[ ]
∞ n
π 2 1− ( − 1 )
f ( x )=¿2+ ∑ ❑
π n 2 cos ( nx )
n =1

a 0=π [ ]
n
2 1 − (− 1 )
a n=
π n
2

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 6

Method:3
Obtain the Fourier cosine of the function in the range .
Example
:4
Solution:

[ ]
❑
2 ❑x L
L ¿
2 Le❑ ❑
Now ,a 0= ∫ f ( x ) dx 0
L0
2 L
L
¿
L
( e − 1 )
2
¿ ∫ e dx
x
L 0 2 e −1)
( L
a 0¿
L

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 7

 Method:3 Example – 4(continue)

L
2
Now ,a n= ∫ f ( x ) cos( )
nπx ax
e
dx ∫ e cos bx dx = 2 2 [ a cosbx +b sin bx ] +c
ax

L0 L a +b
L
¿ ∫ e cos (
L )
2 nπ x x nπ
dx a=1¿ b=
L
L 0

2
{[ ]}
L
x
❑ ❑
¿❑ e
2 L
cos
(2 1 ) +
❑ (
❑ L( )
nπ x nπ
sin
L ( L )
nπ x
)
(1) + nπ
( )
L
0

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 8

Method:3 Example – 4(continue)

{[
2( 1cos
}
]
L
x
❑ ❑
¿❑ e
L
)+(
❑
❑ ( ) (
nπ x nπ
sin
))
nπ
L L L
x

( )
2
( 1 ) + nπ2
0
L

❑
{ }[ { ❑
}]
L
2
e ❑ e
0
¿❑ −❑ 2 2 ( 1)
L ❑
2
L
+n
2
π
2
❑
L❑
2
+n π
2 2
L L

¿
2 L2 ❑
L 2 2
L +n πe
❑
2
L
[ ❑
−1
❑ ]
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 9
Method:3 Example – 4(continue)

¿
2 L2 ❑
L 2 2
L +n πe
❑
2
L ❑
−1
❑ [ ]
¿
L
2
2L ❑
e
+n π❑
L
−1❑
❑ [
2 2 ]
2 L[ eL ( −1) n −1 ]
a¿
n 2 2 2
L +n π

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 10

Method:3 Example – 4(continue)

Now , Half range cosine series for is,

∞
L
e −1 2 L [ e ( −1) −1 ]
L n

f ( x )=¿ L + ∑❑ 2
L +n π
2 2
cos ( nπx
L )
n =1

2 ( e −1 ) L
2 L [ e (− 1 ) −1 ] L n

a 0= a n= 2 2 2
L L +n π
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 11
Method:3
Find half range cosine series for in .
Example
:6
Solution:

[ ]
❑
We have, ⟹ L=π ¿
2 ❑❑
π
− cos x
π ❑ ❑ 0
L
2
Now ,a 0= ∫ f ( x ) dx 2
¿ [− cos +
π ]
cos 0
L0 π
π
2 sin x dx a 0¿ 4
¿ ∫❑ π
π 0

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 12

Method:3 Example – 6(continue)
L 2 sin a cosb=sin ( a+b ) +¿sin ( a −b ) ¿
2
Now a, n= ∫ f ( x ) cos
L0
nπx
L
dx ( )
π
2 sin xcos nx dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0
π
1 2sin x cos nx dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0
π
1 [ sin ( x + nx ) + sin ( x − nx ) ] dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 13
Method:3 Example – 6(continue)
π
1 [ sin ( x + nx ) + sin ( x − nx ) ] dx cos ( 1−
1+ n ) π¿ ( − 1 ) 1
1−+n
n

¿ ∫❑
π 0
π
1 [ sin ( 1+ n ) x + sin ( 1− n ) x ] dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0

[ ]
π
1 cos ( 1+❑
n ) x cos
cos ( 1−
πxn) x
¿ − − −
π 1+n❑ π1 −n 0

❑ 1
{ ❑
−1
}[ { }]
1+n 1−n
¿
−(− 1) (−1) ❑
− 1+n − 1
−
❑
1+nπ1 −n ❑ ❑ 1 −n
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 14
Method:3 Example – 6(continue)

❑ 1
{ ❑
−1
}[ { }]
1+n 1−n
¿
−(− 1) (−1) ❑
− 1+n − 1
−
❑
1+nπ1 −n ❑ ❑ 1 −n
1
[ ]
1 +n
(−1)
¿− − (−1) 1−n
❑
+1 + 1
π 1 −n ❑
1+n 1+n 1 −n
1 +1 ❑ + +1
[ ]
1+n 1− n
a¿
n
− ( − 1 ) − ( − 1 )
1 π +n 1 ❑ − n

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 15

Method:3 Example – 6(continue)

[ ]
L ❑

( )
2 πx 1 ❑❑cos 2 x
π
Now a, 1= ∫ f ( x ) cos dx ¿ −
π ❑ 2
L0 L ❑
0

¿ ∫❑
π 0
π
2 sin xcos x dx ¿
π
− ❑
1 cos
❑
2 [
2 π+cos 0
2 ]
π a 1¿ 0
1 2sin x cos x dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0
π
1 sin 2 x dx
¿ ∫❑
π 0
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 16
Method:3 Example – 4(continue)

Now , Half range cosine series for is,

∑[ ]
∞
2+1 1+ n
− ( −1 ) +1 − ( −1 ) +1
1 −n
f ( x )=¿π ❑ 1+n + ; a 1= 0
π 1−n
n= 2

4
[ ]
1+ n 1 −n
1 − ( −1 ) +1 − ( −1 ) +1
a 0= a n= +
π π 1+n 1−n
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 17
Half Range Fourier Sine Series in the interval
 The half range fourier sine series for the function in the interval
is
defined by

Where, the constants and are given by

L
2
b n= ∫ f ( x ) sin
L0
nπx
L
dx ( )
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 18
Method:4
Find the half range sine series for , .
Example
:1
Solution:

We have, ⟹ L=1
2
[+¿
¿ 2 π( 2 x )
−
cos nπx
nπ ( )
)]
L 1

( ) (
−( 2 )− n2 π 2❑
2 nπx sin nπx
Now ,b n= ∫ f ( x ) sin dx ❑
L0 L 0

( )
n
1 ¿ 2( 2 )− ( − 1 )
2
¿ ∫(❑ ) ( nπx ) dx
2 xsin nπ
1 0 b n¿ − 4 (−1)
n

nπ
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 19
Method:4 Example – 1(continue)

Now , Half range sine series for is,

∞ n
4 ( −1 )
f ( x )=¿∑ ❑ nπ
− sin nπx
n =1

n
4 ( −1 )
b n=−
nπ
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 20
Method:4
Find the sine series .
Exampl
e:5

Solution
:
f ( x )=x f ( x )=π − x

0 π π
2

We have, ⟹ L=π
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 21
Method:4 Example – 5(continue)
L
2
Now ,b n= ∫ f ( x ) sin
L0
nπx
L
dx ( )
π
2
¿ ∫ f ( x ) sin nx dx
π 0
π
2 π
+2
¿ ∫ sin nx dx π ∫( πsin
2 (x) − xnx
) dx
π 0 π
2

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 22

Method:4 Example – 5(continue)
π
2 π
+2
¿ ∫ sin nx dx π ∫( πsin
2 (x) − xnx
) dx
π 0 π
2
π

[+¿ ( ❑
)]0
2 2
¿ (
π π
x )−
cos nx
n −( 1 )− ) (
sin nx
n2 ❑
2

[+¿ )]
+2 2 π
❑
π π
(π −x)
−
cos nx
n (−( − 1 )−
sin nx
n2 ❑ ) ( π
2

Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 23

Method:4 Example – 5(continue)
π

[+¿ ( ❑
)]0
2 2
¿ (
π π
x )−
cos nx
n −( 1 )−
sin nx
n ❑
2 ) ( 2

[+¿ )]
+2 2 π
❑
π π
( π − x )−
cos nx
n −( (
− 1 )−
sin nx
n ❑
2 ) ( π
2

¿ − [(
2 2 π
π π 2
n
cos
nπ
2 ) ( +) ¿( 1
n
2
sin
nπ ❑
)2
−0
❑ ( ) ]
+2 2
π 0π [ +¿( π
n
2
cos) ( +) ¿(
nπ
2
n
2
❑
1 sin n π
2❑) ( )]
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 24
Method:4 Example – 5(continue)

¿
2 2
π n 2 ( )
sin
nπ
2 ( )
4
b n¿
π
n
sin
2
nπ
2 ( )
Now , Half range sine series for is,
∞
¿ ❑
πn
4
2
sin
nπ
2 s ∑
in nx
n =1
( )
Prof. Nishant J. Khiraiya #3110014 (M-1)  Unit 3 – Fourier Series 25