B ATA A N P E N I N S U L A S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y

Mathematics Cluster

O RY M AT H E M AT I C S E N H A N C E M E N T

Algebra Part 1 –
D ay 2
Algebraic Expressions
i. Polynomials
ii. Special Products and
Fa c t o r i n g
iii. Simplifying Rational
Lecturer: M r. Marvin M. Iba
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
An algebraic expression is an expression
containing variables and constants, along
with algebraic operations (addition,
subtraction, etc.). Each term is of the form
-
1

RxR (R is any real number, x a variable).

Part

Examples:
Algebra

5ab
x+y
x/y – 2
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
A polynomial is an algebraic expression
where each term is of the form RxW (W is
a whole number, x a variable).
-
1

The following are NOT considered

Part

polynomials:
Algebra
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
In the polynomial

3x – 6x + 4
2
-
1
Part

3x2, -6x, and are called TERMS.

Algebra

Monomial – contains one term

Binomial – contains two terms
Trinomial – contains three terms
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Like and Unlike Terms

-
-
1

8m 4
numerical
Part

literal
coefficient coefficient
Like/similar terms are terms with the same literal
Algebra

coefficients. (Ex. 5y and -9y, 3xy and -2yx, etc.

n
Unlike/dissimilar terms are terms with different literal
coefficients. (Ex. 6y and 5y2, -2p2q and 2pq2, etc.
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

*Only like terms can be added/subtracted.

Add the given expressions:
Example 1: 2
y -3yx+4x-x2; 3xy2+2x2-
-
1

2y-3y2
Part

y2 - 3yx + 4x - x2
Solution:+
Algebra

-3y2 + 2x2 + 3xy2 - 2y

-2y2 - 3yx + 4x + x2 + 3xy2 – 2y

Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
2s
Example + 3s2the
2.3Subtract r –first
2sr 2
– 3r3;from
expression r3 –the second:
3r2s + 4rs2 – s3
-

Solution:
1

r3 – 3r2s + r3 – 3r2s +
Part

– 4rs
3r 3
–
2
–
2sr s
2
3
+ 4rs 2
– s 3
3r3 + 2sr2 -
- 2 +
Algebra

3s r + 2s3 3s2r3- 2s23

4r – r s + rs2
– 3s3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Exercises A. Add.
1. 5a+6b-4c; 3a-8b+7c
-

2. 2x-7y; -5x+4y
1

3. 5x2-4x+5; 9x2+4x-1
Part

4. 7x4-2x2-5; 7x3+8x-4
Algebra

5. 24ab-11bc+9cd; 10bc-
15cd+10ab
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Exercises B. Subtract the second polynomial from the first.

1. 5a+6b-4c; 3a-8b+7c
2. 2x-7y; -5x+4y
-
1

3. 5x2-4x+5; 9x2+4x-1
Part

4. 7x4-2x2-5; 7x3+8x-4
5. 24ab-11bc+9cd; 10bc-
Algebra

15cd+10ab
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
LAWS OF EXPONENTS

( )
m n m +n m m
1. a •a =a 4.
a a
= m
b b
-
1

m n
( a ) =a mn m
a m −n (
Part

2.
5. n =a m > n )
Algebra

m
3. ( abc ) =a b c
m m m
a
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

When multiplying polynomials,

-
1

multiply each term of one

Part

polynomial by every term of the

Algebra

other.
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions

Example. Multiply.
1. (2x )(-5x ) = -10x
2 3 5
-

2. (-a )(7a ) = -7a

1

4 9 13
Part

3. (12mn3)(-4m2n)(2m3) = -
Algebra

96m n 6 4
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
4. (4x - 3)(7x + 2)
In this example, we apply the FOIL
method. The product of these two
-

binomials is the sum of the product of:

1

F – First (4x - 3)(7x + 2)

Part

Terms = (4x)(7x) + (4x)(2) + (-

Algebra

O – Outside 3)(7x) + (-3)(2)

= 28x2 + 8x – 21x – 6
Terms = 28x2 – 13x – 6
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
5. Multiply y3 – 3y2 – y + 3 by 2y
+ 1.
3 2
x y −3y − y +3
-
1
Part

4 3 2
2y −6 y −2 y +6 y
+ 3 2
y − 3 y − y +3
Algebra

4 3 2
2 y − 5 y − 5 y +5 y+3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e s sExercises
ions C. Multiply the given
polynomials.
1.3a-2b; a+7b
-

2.5x2-2x+3; x+4
1
Part

3.7x2+5x-1; 2x-5
4.8x2-3x-4; 6x2-x+2
Algebra

5.5x +2x+6; 2x -4x-3

2 3
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eDIVISION
s s i o n s OF POLYNOMIALS
A. Monomial by Monomial
When dividing a monomial by
-

a monomial, apply the law of

1
Part

exponent 124 𝑥 𝑦for division.

12 8 7 5 8 9 6 2 6 3
𝑧 6𝑦 9𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Example: ) 15 3
= 10 3) 3
= 3 6 3 3
4𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 4𝑥 𝑧 27 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 3
Algebra

7 6 5
2 15 𝑎 𝑐 = 3 𝑎 𝑐
7 13 11
410 𝑚 𝑛 𝑝 5
= 5 4 3
) 25 𝑎 2 𝑏 3 𝑐 5 5𝑏
3
) 2 𝑚12 𝑛17 𝑝 14 𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
B. Polynomial by Polynomial

Before dividing polynomials,

-
1

arrange the terms of the

Part

dividend and the divisor in

Algebra

descending powers according to

some common letter.
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
STEPS:
1. Start by dividing the first terms of the polynomials.
2. Multiply the result in (1) by the divisor.
-

3. Subtract the result in (2) from the common terms

1

found in the dividend.

Part

4. Bring down the next term of the dividend.

5. Continue the process until the degree of the result
Algebra

in (3) and (4) is already less than the degree of the

divisor.
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Example.
Expressions Divide– 3y 2
+ y 3
+
4 – y by 1 + y
y2– 4y +
3
y+ y – 3y
3 2
–y
1 + +
3 4
-

y
Answer:
1

y2 2
Part

– 4y – y
– 4y2– 4y
+
Algebra

3y
+43
3y
1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e SYNTHETIC
ssions
DIVISION

Example. Use synthetic division to divide

-
1

y – 3y – y + 4 by y + 1.
3 2
Part
Algebra
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions 3 NOTE: Write 0 as the
Dividend: y –
coefficient of the
3y2 –y + 4
missing term of the
Divisor: y + 1 polynomial.
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
-

1 -3 -
1

-1
Part

1 -14 4
-3 Answer: y2 – 1
y
+
1 -4
Algebra

4y + 3 +
3 1 1
Algebra
Polynomials Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e Exercise
s s i o nD.
s Divide the first polynomial by the
second.

1.3a2-a+7; a-2
-

2.5x2-2x+3; x+4
1

3.7x2+5x-1; x-5
Part

4.8x2-3x-4; x+2
5.5x3+2x+6; x-3
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e SPECIAL
s s i o n s PRODUCTS
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

A. Square of a Binomial
The square of a binomial is equal to
the square of the first term plus twice the
product of the first and the second plus
the square of the last term.
In symbols:
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Examples:
1. (2y-1)2 = (2y)2 + 2(2y)(-1) + (-1)2
= 4y2 - 4y + 1
2. (5x+2)2 = (5x)2 + 2(5x)(2) + (2)2 =
25x2 + 20x + 4
3. (3a-7b)2 = (3a)2 + 2(3a)(-7b) + (-
7b)2 = 9a2 - 42ab + 49b2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e SPECIAL
s s i o n s PRODUCTS
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

B. Square of Trinomial and Polynomial

with More Than Three Terms

(a+b+c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e Examples:
ssions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

1. (x+2y-1)2 = (x)2 + (2y)2 + (-1)2 + 2(x)

(2y) + 2(x)(-1) + 2(2y)(-1) = x2 + 4y2 +
1 + 4xy -2x – 4y
2. (5x+2y-3z)2 = (5x)2 + (2y)2 + (-3z)2 +
2(5x)(2y) + 2(5x)(-3z) + 2(2y)(-3z) =
25x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 + 20xy – 30xy –
12yz
3. (3a-7b+4c)2 = (3a)2 + (-7b)2 + (4c)2 +
2(3a)(-7b) + 2(3a)(4c) + 2(-7b)(4c) = 9a2
+ 49b2 + 16c2 - 42ab + 24ac – 56bc
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eC.sProduct
s i o n s of the Sum and Difference of Two
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Terms

The product of the sum and

difference of two terms is equal to
the square of the first term minus the
square of the second term.
In symbols:
(a+b)(a-b) = a – b
2 2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Example. Find the product:

1. (4h+3)(4h-3) = (4h) – 2

(3) 2
= 16h 2
– 9
2. (2x-3y)(2x+3y) = (2x) –
2

(3y) = 4x – 9y
2 2 2
3. (2m+5n)(2m-5n) = (2m) – 2

(5n) = 4m – 25n
2 2 2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

D. Cube of a Binomial
The cube of a binomial is equal to the sum
of the cube of the first term, thrice the product
of the square of the first and the second, thrice
the product of the first and the square of the
second term, and the cube of the last term.
In symbols:
(a+b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e Examp
ssions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

les:
1. (2x-3)3 = (2x)3 + 3(2x)2(-3) + 3(2x)(-3)2 +
(-3)3
= 8x3 + 3(4x 2
)(-3) + 3(2x)(9) - 27= 8x 3
- 2
2.36x
(m+2n)
2
3
+ 54x= (m)- 27 + 3(m) (2n) + 3(m)(2n)
3 2

+ (2n)3
= m3 + 3(m2)(2n) + 3(m)(4n2) + 8n3
= m 3
+ 6m 2
n +3 12mn 2+ 8n
2 3
3. (3a-b) = (3a) + 3(3a) (-b) + 3(3a)(-b)2 +
3

(-b)3
= 27a3 + 3(9a2)(-b) + 3(3a)(b2) - b3
= 27a3 - 27a2b+ 9ab2 - b3
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

E. Product of Two Binomials Having the Same

Two Terms

(x+a)(x+b) = x + (a+b)x + ab
2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Example
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

s:
1. (x-3)(x-5) = x2 + (-3-5)x + (-3)(-
5)= x - 8x + 15
2

2. (y+3)(y+2) = y + (3+2)y + (3)

2

(2)= y2 + 5y + 6
3. (m-2)(m+7) = m + (-2+7)x + (-
2

2)(7)= m2 + 5m - 14
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

F. Product of a Binomial and a Special Trinomial

If the trinomial is equal to the sum of the square of
the first term of the binomial, the negative of the
product of the first and the second term of the binomial,
and the square of the last term of the binomial, the
product of the binomial and the special trinomial is
equal to the cube of the first term of the binomial plus
or minus (following the operation of the binomial) the
cube of the second term of the binomial.
In symbols:
(a+b)(a2-ab+b2) = a3 + b3
or (a-b)(a2+ab+b2) = a3 – b3
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Example. Find the product:

1. (5b+3)(25b -15b+9) = (5b)

2 3

+ (3)3 = 125b 3
+ 27
2. (2m-n)(4m +2mn+n ) =
2 2

(2m) – (n) = 8m – n
3 3 3 3

3. (6c+5d)(36c -30cd+25d ). =
2 2

(6c)3 + (5d)3
= 216c + 125d
3 3
A l g e b r aSuggested
P a r Steps
t 1 -
in FactoringA l g e b r a i c
Expressions Polynomials
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

GCMF

Binomial Trinomial Polynomial

With More
Perfect Than 3
Difference Terms
of Two Square Grouping
Squares Trinomial
Of the form
Sum or x2+bx+c
Difference Other Types
Of the form of Factoring
of Two ax2+bx+c
Cubes
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
A. FINDING THE COMMON
E x p r eMONOMIAL
ssions
Algebra Part 1 – Special

FACTOR (CMF)
Products and Factoring

Some polynomials have terms having common

factors. In using this method of factoring:
1. Identify the greatest common factor of all
terms of the polynomial.
2. Divide each of the term of the given
polynomial by the CMF.
3. Write the factored form of the polynomial as
the indicated product of the CMF and the
result in #2.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eExample.
s s i o n s Factor
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

1. 3x + 12y – 6z
The greatest common monomial factor is
3. Dividing the polynomial by 3, we have
x+4y-2z. Finally, its factored form is 3(x+4y-
2z).
2. 3m3n2 + 4m2n2 - 5m5n4 = m2n2(3m + 4 – 5m3n2)

3. 7(x+y)4 + 21(x+y)3 - 14(x+y)6 =

7(x+y)3[(x+y) + 3 - 2(x+y)3]
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eExercises.
s s i o n s Factor each of the
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

following:

1.16fx + 24fy - 32fz

2.12x8 + 24x10 + 20x7
3.2npyx - 4mpyx - 5mnyx
4. πD + πd
5.3/5e(x - y) + 3/5f(x - y)
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e sB.sDifference
i o n s of Two Squares: x - y2 = (x + y)(x
Algebra Part 1 – Special

2
Products and Factoring

- y)

To factor polynomials which is a difference of two

squares:
1. Get the square roots of the first term (the x2
part) and the second term (the y2 part).
2. Get the sum and the difference of the results in
#1.
3. Write the factored form of the polynomial as the
indicated product of the results in #2.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eExamples.
s s i o n s Factor each of the
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

following:

1.a4-b6 = (a2+b3)(a2-b3)
2. 8m2-32n2 = 8(m2-4n2) = 8(m+2n)(m-2n)
3. c4-16d4 = (c2+4d2) (c2-4d2) = (c2+4d2)
(c+2d)(c-2d)
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eC.
s sSum
i o n and
s Difference of Two Cubes
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

X3 + Y3 = (X + Y) (X2 – XY + Y2)
X3 - Y3 = (X - Y) (X2 + XY + Y2)
STEPS:
1. Get the cube root of the first term (the x3 part)
2. Get the cube root of the second term (the y3 part).
3. Get the sum (or the difference depending on the
operation of the given) of the results in 1 and 2.
4. Get the sum of the result in 1, the negative product of
1 and 2, and the square of the result in 2.
5. Write the factored form of the polynomial as the
indicated product of the results in 3 and 4.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Example. Factor:

1. a12-b6 = (a6+b3)(a6-b3)
= (a2+b)(a4-a2b+b2)(a2-b)(a4+a2b+b2)
2. 27x3+8y9 =(3x+2y3)(9x2 - 6xy3 +
4y6)
3. 5a4b-40ab4 = 5ab(a3-8b3)
= 5ab(a-2b)(a2+2ab+4b2)
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eD.
s s iPerfect
ons Square Trinomial
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

x2 +2xy+y2 = (x + y)2
x2 -2xy+y2 = (x - y)2
Test if the trinomial is perfect square:
1. Get the square root of the first term (the x2 part).
2. Get the square root of the third term (the y2 part).
3. Double the product of 1 and 2.
4. If the result in 3 is equal to the middle term (the
2xy part) of the trinomial, then the trinomial is
perfect square.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

To factor Perfect Square

Trinomials:
1.Get the sum (or difference
depending on the sign of the
middle term of the given
trinomial) of the square roots
which resulted from the test.
2.Square this sum (or difference).
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Example. Factor:
1.4a12-4a6b3+b6 = (2a6-b3)2
2. 32x2+80xy+50y2 = 2(16x2+40xy+25y2) =
2(4x+5y)2
3.x5-16x3y+64xy2 = x(x4-16x2y+64y2) = x(x2-
8y)2
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

E. Quadratic Trinomials (ax2 + bx + c)

To factor quadratic trinomials:
1. Think of two numbers whose product is ax2.
2. Think of two numbers whose product is c.
3. Get the product of each pair. The sum must
be equal to the middle term (bx).
4. The factored form is the indicated product
of the sum of 1 and 2.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eIllustrative
s s i o n sExamples. Factor each of the
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

following:
1. 2x2+3x-2
Think of two numbers whose product is 2x2 , say
2x and x. Then think of two numbers whose product is
-2, say -1 and 2. Pair the factors and get the product.
The sum of the product is 3x (which coincides with the
middle term). -x
2x -
1
x 4
2 3 x

The factored form, therefore, is x(2x-

Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

2. Factor 20a2-23ab-21b2 = (5a+3b)(4a -

7b)

3. 14m2+37mn+24n2 =(7m+8n)(2m+3n)
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
The AC Test
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

The AC Test is done by multiplying the A (the first

term) by the C (the last term). Then, think of two numbers
having that product whose sum is the middle term of the
given trinomial. Afterwards, prepare a 2 by 2 grid as shown:

A B
C D
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

A B A must contain the first term

of the trinomial, B and C the
C D factors of the product AC, and D
the third term. Then, look for the
common factor for each column
Example. Factor 2x2row.
and –
9xy + 4y 2 2x - 2x
AC = (2x2) 2
8x -y
(4y2) = 8x2y2 y
Factor of 8x y = 8xy and xy
2 2
x -
or -8xy and -xy -xy 4y 2
4
Therefore 2x2y2 - 9xy + 4y2 = y
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
F. Factoring by Grouping
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

To factor polynomials by grouping:

1. Group the terms. Most of the time, the number of
terms for each group should be the same. Hint: At
least one of the groups should contain terms with a
common factor.
2. If the sign of the group is preceded by a + sign, just
copy the terms.
3. If the sign of the group is preceded by a – sign,
Change the signs of all the terms.
4. Inspect the terms for each group for a common factor.
5. Apply the CMF method again.
Algebra Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Algebra Part 1 – Special
Products and Factoring

Illustrative Examples: Factor:

1.ac+ad+bc+bd = (ac+ad)+(bc+bd) =
a(c+d)+b(c+d) = (c+d)(a+b)
2.15ax-2by+3ay-10bx = (15ax+3ay)-
(10bx+2by) = 3a(5x+y)-2b(5x+y) =
(5x+y)(3a-2b)
3.6x3+8x2y2-3xy-4y3 = (6x3+8x2y2)-(3xy+4y3)
= 2x2(3x+4y2)-y(3x+4y2) = (3x+4y2)(2x2-
y)
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

Rational Expressions
A rational expression, or an algebraic fraction, in a
ratio of two algebraic expressions.

Examples:
6 6 2
𝑚𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑏 4 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +5
3 3 2
𝑚 +𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 +7 𝑥 − 8
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Rational Expressions

To simplify a rational expression, divide its numerator

and the denominator by their greatest common factor.

Examples:
1. =

= =

3. = =
Algebra Part
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying 1 -Algebraic
E x p r e s s Rules
ions in Multiplying/Dividing Rational
Rational Expressions

Expressions
The rules for multiplying and dividing rational
expressions are the same as in ordinary fractions. Thus

a c ac a c a d ad
• = and ÷ = • =
b d bd b d b c bc
Since the result must always be expressed in the lowest
form, it is suggested that we first factor out all numerators
and denominators of the fractions so that some factors that
are common can be canceled out.
Algebra Part 1
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying -Algebraic
Expressions
Examples. Find the product:
Rational Expressions

1. x + y ( x + y ) ( x − y)
¿ • =1
x − y ( x+ y ) ( x+ y )
2. 5 ( x −3 ) 4 ( x 2+ 3 x +2 )
¿ •
2 ( x +1 ) 15 ( x − 3 )
1 2
5 ( x −3 ) 4 ( x +1 ) ( x +2 ) 2 ( x +2 )
¿ • =
2 ( x +1 ) 15 ( x
3
− 3 ) 3
1
Algebra Part 1
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying -Algebraic
Expressions
Examples. Find the quotient:
Rational Expressions

2 2
1. x −1 x +3x− 4
¿ 2 • 2
x +6 x+ 8 x 2+3 x +2
( x +1 ) ( x −1 ) ( x+ 4 ) ( x −1 ) ( x −1 )
¿ • = 2
( x + 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x +1 )( x +2 ) ( x + 2)
2.
2 2 2
x − 8 x+15 x −4 x + 4 ( x −3 ) ( x −5 ) ( x −2 )
¿ 2 •− 2 = •− =− 1
x −5 𝑥+ 6 x −7 𝑥+ 10 ( x −2 ) ( x −3 ) ( x −2 ) ( x −5 )
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

Adding/Subtracting Similar Fractions

To add/subtract similar rational expressions (rational

expressions with the same denominators),
add/subtract the numerators and copy the
denominators.
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

Examples. Perform the indicated operations:

1. 7 3. 2𝑥
¿ ¿
x− y 𝑎2 𝑏
2. 𝑎+𝑏 4. 4 𝑦 −11
¿ ¿
x 2+ 3 𝑚+ 𝑛
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

Examples. Perform the indicated operations:

1. LCD = ( x −2 )( x +3 )

x+2 x−1 x+2 x+3 x−1 x−2

+ = • + •
x−2 x+3 x−2 x+3 x+3 x−2
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
2. = LCD =x ( x −y )
Rational Expressions

x+2 x−1 x+2 x−1 x−y

− = ¿− •
x(x−y) x x(x−y¿ x x−y
Algebra Part 1
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

COMPLEX FRACTIONS
A complex fraction is a rational expression whose
numerator and denominator are fractions.

Examples:

𝑥 𝑎
𝑥 1− 𝑥 +2
𝑥 −1 𝑏
𝑥
3 𝑥 +2
𝑥 +2 −4
𝑥+ 2
Algebra Part
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eTo
s s isimplify
o n s complex fractions, express both the
Rational Expressions

numerator and the denominator as single fractions.

Then, apply the rule for division.
Examples:
•=
1. = = x+2

3. = =

or
Algebra
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying Part 1 -Algebraic
Expressions
Rational Expressions

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION IN SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX FRACTIONS

Another way a complex fraction is to multiply

both the numerator and the denominator by the
LCM of the denominators of the complex fraction.
Algebra Part
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eExample.
ssions
Rational Expressions

The denominator of the main numerator is 1

1. and the denominator of the main
denominator is x+2. Therefore, its LCM is
x+2. Use this as a multiplier to both the
main numerator and denominator.

• = = x+ 2
Algebra Part
Algebra Part 1 – Simplifying 1 -Algebraic
E x p r eExample.
ssions
Rational Expressions

The denominators in the main numerator are

2. 1 and x-1. The denominators of the main
denominator are x+2 and 1. Therefore, its
LCM is (x-1)(x+2). Use this as a multiplier to
both the main numerator and denominator.
• =

= = =