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Data Storage 2

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Data Storage 2

Uploaded by

the.warlord.mismeel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA STORAGE-2

SECONDARY AND OFFLINE STORAGE

Secondary (and off-line) storage includes storage devices that are


• not directly addressable by the CPU.
• They are non-volatile devices that allow data to be stored as long as
required by the user.
• This type of storage can store more data than primary memory
• data access time is considerably longer than with RAM or ROM.
• All applications, the operating system, device drivers and general files (for
example, documents, photos and music) are stored on secondary storage.
OFF-LINE STORAGE

• Storage medium that must be physically inserted or


connected to a computer system.
• Not permanently connected to the system.
USB flash drives, External hard drives, Optical discs,
Memory cards
Typically used for backup, archiving, or transferring data
between different computer systems.
TYPES OF SECONDARY STORAGE

• » magnetic
• » solid state
• » optical.
HARD DISK DRIVE
• Data is stored in a digital format on the magnetic
surfaces of the disks (or platters).
• The hard disk drive will have a number of platters
made of aluminium, glass or a ceramic material
with thin magnetic coating.
• Read-write heads consist of electromagnets that
are used to read data from or write data to the
platters.
• These read-write heads can move very quickly –
typically they can move from the centre of the
disk to the edge of the disk (and back again) 50
times a second.
• Each platter will have two surfaces which can be
used to store data.
HARD DISK DRIVE

• Writing Data -The head moves over the platter writing the
0s and 1s as tiny areas of magnetic north and south.
• Reading Data- To read the data back, the head goes to the
same spot, notices the north and south poles fly by so
deduces 0s and 1s.
HDD-TRACKS AND SECTORS
• Data is stored on the surface in sectors
and tracks.
• Hard disk drives have very slow data
access when compared to, for example,
RAM.
• Many applications require the read-write
heads to constantly look for the correct
blocks of data; this means a large number
of head movements.
• The effects of latency then become very
significant. Latency is defined as the
time it takes for a specific block of
data on a data track to rotate around
to the read-write head.
• Users will sometimes notice the effect of
latency when they see messages such as
DISK FRAGMENTATION

• When a file or data is stored on a HDD, the required number of sectors


needed to store the data will be allocated
• The sectors allocated may not be adjacent to each other.
• Through time, the HDD will undergo numerous deletions and editing which
leads to sectors becoming increasingly fragmented resulting in a gradual
deterioration of the HDD performance (in other words, it takes longer and
longer to access data).
• Defragmentation software can improve on this situation by ‘tidying up’ the
disk sectors.
SOLID STATE DRIVE -SSD
• Rapidly replacing HDDs as the main secondary
storage.
• Removes the problem of latency
• No mechanically moveable parts
• Examples: Memory sticks, Flash memories
used for storage or as dongle, SD cards.
• Operate by controlling the movement of
electrons within NAND or NOR chips. The data is
stored as 0s or 1s in millions of tiny transistors.
• At each junction in a solid-state NAND matrix, there is one transistor called
a floating gate and another called a control gate; this forms a non-volatile
rewritable memory store. When a voltage is applied to the control gate,
electrons from an electron source are attracted to it. The control gate is
coated in a dielectric material causing electrons to be trapped in the
floating gate which gives control of the bit value stored at each junction.
• (Note: After about 12 months, this charge can leak away, which is why a
solid state device should be used at least once a year to be certain it will
retain its memory.)
BENEFITS SSD VS HDD

» they are more reliable (no moving parts to go wrong)


» they are considerably lighter (which makes them suitable for laptops)
» they don’t have to ‘get up to speed’ before they work properly
» they have a lower power consumption
» they run much cooler than HDDs (both these points again make them very
suitable for laptop computers)
» because of no moving parts, they are very thin
» data access is considerably faster than HDD.
DISADVANTAGES- SSD ENDURANCE

• SSD endurance – the total guaranteed number of times data can be written
to or read from a solid state drive (SSD) in its usable life cycle. The main
drawback of SSD is still the longevity of the technology
• Most solid state storage devices are conservatively rated at only 20GB of
write operations per day over a three year period
• Still not used in all servers, for example, where a huge number of write
operations take place every day
• Rapidly becoming more common in applications such as servers and cloud
storage devices.
OPTICAL MEDIA
• Examples: CDs, DVDs, Blue Ray

• Laser light is used to read and write data to and from the surface of the disk.

• Both CDs and DVDs use a thin layer of metal alloy or light-sensitive organic dye to
store the data.

• A single, spiral track which runs from the centre of the disk to the edge.

• When a disk spins, the optical head moves to the point where the laser beam ‘contacts’
the disk surface and follows the spiral track from the centre outwards.

• As with a HDD, a CD/DVD is divided into sectors allowing direct access to data.

• The data is stored in ‘pits’ and ‘lands’ on the spiral track.

• A red laser is used to read and write the data.

• CDs and DVDs can be designated ‘R’ (write once only) or ‘RW’ (can be written to or read
from many times)
HOW DATA IS READ AND WRITTEN
Laser is used
– (Laser beams) shines onto surface of the
disk
– It is rotated (at a constant speed) to be
read
– Surface is covered in a track (that spirals
from the centre)
– Data is represented on the surface using
pits and lands
– Pits and lands represent binary values
– Pits reflect light back differently (to the
area in between/land)
– Optical device can determine the binary
value from the light reflection
DVD AND BLUE RAY

• DVDs often use dual-layering to increase capacity.


• Blu-ray discs use blue laser light to read and write data. Since the
wavelength of blue light is much shorter than the wavelength of
red light, this increases the storage capacity of Blu-ray discs
• Blu-ray suitable for 4K high-definition movies. Blu-ray discs have
built-in encryption and a much faster data transfer rate than
DVDs. Blu-ray discs allow for greater interactivity than DVDs.
COMPARISON

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