Geo-Thermal Energy

Biomass and Geothermal Energy:

Biomass: Introduction - Biomass conversion technologies
Photosynthesis,
Factors affecting Bio digestion
Classification of biogas plants
Types of biogas plants
Selection of site for a biogas plant
Geothermal Energy: Introduction
Geothermal Sources
Applications
Operational and Environmental problems.
 Geo-Thermal Energy
What is Geo-Thermal Energy ?
• Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.
• Thermal energy is generated by using high temperature available inthe earth at the
same time water body is also available in the earth inner layers.
• Energy inside the Earth: Geothermal energy is generated in the earth's core, about
4,000 miles below the surface.
• Temperatures hotter than the sun's surface are continuously produced inside the earth
by the slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that happens in all rocks.
• The earth has a number of different layers:
• The core itself has two layers: a solid iron core and anouter core made of very hot
melted rock, called magma.
• The mantle which surrounds the core and is about 1,800 miles thick. It is made up of
magma and rock.
 Geo-Thermal Energy
• The crust is the outermost layer of the earth, the land that forms the continents and
oceanfloors.
• It can be three to five miles thick under the oceans and 15 to 35 miles thick on the
continents.
• The earth's crust is broken into pieces called plates.
• Magma comes close to the earth's surface near the edges of these plates.
• This is where volcanoes occur.
• The lava that erupts from volcanoes is partly magma.
• Deep underground, the rocks and water absorb the heat from this magma.
• The temperature of the rocks and water get hotter and hotter as you go deeper
underground.
Geo-Thermal Energy
Looking in side the Earth
Temperatures in the Earth
 Geothermal Reservoirs
• Where Geo Thermal Energy is found
• Geothermal energy can sometimes find its way to the surface in the form of:
• Volcanoes and fumaroles (holes where volcanic gases are released)
• Hot springs and geysers.
• The most active geothermal resources are usually found along major plate
boundaries where earthquakes and volcanoes are concentrated.
• Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area called the Ring of Fire.
• This area named as rims the Pacific Ocean.
• When magma comes close to the surface it heats ground water found trapped in
porous rock or water running along fractured rock surfaces and faults.
• Such hydrothermal resources have two common ingredients: water (hydro) and heat
(thermal).
• Naturally occurring large areas of hydrothermal resources are called geothermal
reservoirs.
Ring of Fire
Advantages & Disadvantages of Geo Thermal Energy:
Advantages:
• Geothermal energy is renewable energy source.
• Because earth’s heat is being constantly replenished by the radioactive decay of
minerals at a rate of 30 TW.
• Geothermal energy is clean source of energy because geothermal power plants are
connected with minimum carbon emissions, with most of them are equipped with
emission-control systems to reduce the exhaust of greenhouse gases carried by drawn
fluids.
• Geothermal energy belongs to energy sources that can be directly used.
• Hot springs have been used for bathing since ancient times and in modern times
geothermal energy is directly used to heat homes via geothermal heat pumps.
• Geothermal energy is reliable source of energy that does not suffer from
intermittency issue like this is the case with some other renewable energy sources,
most notably solar and wind.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Geo Thermal Energy
• Geothermal heat is available 24-7 and is therefore one of the most reliable renewable
energy sources, a one that does not require energy storage solution in order to work
reliably.
• Geothermal power plants have minimal land and freshwater requirements unlike for
instance solar energy which needs large area and plenty of water for cooling.
• Geothermal plants use only 3.5 square kilometers per gigawatt of electrical
production and require just 20 liters of freshwater per MW/h.
Disadvantage:
• The biggest disadvantage of geothermal energy are high upfront costs, most of which
refer to exploitation and drilling.
• Geothermal power plant construction and well drilling currently cost about €2-5
million per generated MW of electricity.
• Small number of countries that currently harness geothermal energy.
• Geothermal energy is currently being harnessed in only 24 countries of the world.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
• The mainreason why there aren't more countries involved is because geothermal
power plants are currently costeffective only in areas near tectonic plate boundaries
though the recent technological advances such as EGS (enhanced geothermal
systems) should significantly expand the range of viable geothermal resources in
years to come.
• The lack of qualified personnel needed to install geothermal systems.
• Geothermal energy use isn't widely spread or as popular as this is the case with solar
and wind, which means that there is less qualified personnel available to hire and
they also cost more.
• Local depletion of geothermal resources. This has been the case in several well
known geothermal sites such as Geysers.
• In order to avoid local depletion of geothermal resources extraction of geothermal
energy must be closely monitored.
• Enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes therefore severely affecting
land stability if not done carefully.
 Uses of Geothermal energy
• Application of geothermal energy is to use the earth's temperatures near the surface,
while others require drilling miles into the earth.
The three main uses of geothermal energy are:
• 1. Direct Use Heat Systems: The direct use of hot water as an energy source has been
happening from the ancient times like hot springs which are said to be mineral rich
waters having natural healing powers.
• The most common use direct use of geothermal energy is for heating building
through DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM in which hot water near the earth surface
can be piped into buildings and industries for heat.
• 2. Industrial uses: Dying of cloth, Washing wool, and piping under sidewalks to keep
from freezing, manufacturing paper, Greenhouses, Spas Aquaculture: Fish, Shrimp,
Abalone, and Alligators.
 Uses of Geothermal energy
• 3. Electricity Generation: In a power plant requires water or steam at very high
temperature (300 to 700 Fahrenheit).
• Geothermal power plants are generally built where geothermal reservoirs are
located .
• A geothermal power station can provide a large amount of electricity .
• Geothermal Wells:A geothermal production well produces fluid heated by the natural
heat of the earth.
• Geothermal fluids may be steam or hot water and in California have total dissolved
solid concentrations of up to 250,000 parts per million (about seven times above sea
water).
• Very hot geothermal fluids may be used for electrical power generation.
• Cooler (but still quite hot) geothermal fluids are used for projects such as space
heating, aquaculture, snow melting, food processing, dehydration, and hot tubs and
spas.
 Harnessing Geothermal Energy
Potential in India
•  Puga Valley (J&K)
•  Tatapani (Chhattisgarh)
•  Godavari Basin Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh)
•  Bakreshwar (West Bengal)
•  Tuwa (Gujarat)
•  Unai (Maharashtra)
•  Jalgaon (Maharashtra)
Geothermal
Provinces of
India
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
• CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS
a) HORIZONTAL
b) VERTICAL
c) POND/LAKE
• OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM
• HYBRID SYSTEMS
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS (HORIZONTAL / VERTICAL)
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM/OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM
/(POND/LAKE)
 Types of Geo thermal Power Plants
1.Dry Steam Power Plants:
2.Flash and Double Flash Cycle
3.Binary Cycle power Plant
Dry Steam Power Plants:
Flash and Double Flash Cycle
Binary Cycle power Plant
Thank you