BIC 10303

ALGEBRA
Chapter 3a:
Matrices
ALGEBRABIC 10303
 In this lecture…
3

MATRICES
1.Definition and notation
2.Algebra operation for matrices

3.Elementary row operation

4.Determinant (up to 4x4).

5.Inverse of matrices (up to 4x4).

6.Eigen value and eigen vector

3.1-3.2
Part 1
Definition and notation
Algebra operation for matrices
 3.1 Definition and notation
5

Definition A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. It is an ordered

set of numbers listed in rectangular form. Usually represented by capital
letters.
element in ith row, jth column
 a11 a12  a1n 
a a22  a2 n  Also written as A=aij
A  21  m rows
   aij 
a am 2  amn 
 m1
mn matrix  Order of the matrix

n columns

When m=n, A is called a square matrix, e.g. 3x3 matrix

 Definition and notation
6

 Given the table below:

Department Year
First Second Third Forth
year year year year
Pharmacy 85 79 73 67
Medical 65 63 60 58
Dentistry 74 72 71 69

 We can arrange the numbers, without heading into rows

and column, to form an array which is called a matrix.
 Augmented and Coefficient Matrices
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 A matrix derived from a system of a

linear equation (each written in standard
form) is the augmented matrix of the
system.

 The matric derived form the coefficients

of the system (and does not include
constant term) is the coefficient matrix.
 Example
8

− 𝑥 +5 𝑦 =2
7 𝑥 − 2 𝑦=− 6 [ −1
7
5
−2 ] [ −1
7
5
−2
2
−6 ]

System Coefficient matrix Augmented Matrix

 Exercise
9

 Form the coefficient and augmented

matrix.
𝑥+ 3 𝑦 =9
− 𝑦 + 4 𝑧=−2
x −5 𝑧 =0

 Form the system of linear equations.

 Types of Matrices
Square matrices
10

 a11 a12  a1n 

When m = n, a a22 a2 n 
A   21
i.e.,    
 
 an1 an 2 ann 

A is called a “square matrix of order n” or “n-

square matrix”
elements
n
aa11, ...a22, a33,…, ann called diagonal
 aii  a11  22  ann
elements.
i 1

 is called the trace of A.

 Types of Matrices
Equal matrices
11

Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to

be equal (A = B) iff each element of A is
equal to the corresponding element of B,
i.e., aij = bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.

 1 0 a b
Example:A   4 2  and
B  
   c d 
Given that A = B, find a, b, c and d.
if A = B, then a = 1, b = 0, c = -4 and d = 2.
 Types of Matrices
Zero matrices
12

Every element of a matrix is zero, it is

called a zero matrix, i.e.,
 0 0  0
0 0 0 
A  
  
 
 0 0 0 
 Types of Matrices
Upper Triangular matrices
13
A square matrix whose elements aij = 0,
a11 a12  a1i.e.,
for i > j is called upper triangular, n 

 0 a22 a2 n 
   
 
 0 0 ann 

Lower Triangular matrices

A square matrix whose elements aij = 0,
for i < j is called lower triangular,
 a11 0  i.e.,
0 
a a22 0 
 21
   
 
 an1 an 2 ann 
 Types of Matrices
Diagonal matrices
14

Both upper and lower triangular, i.e., aij = 0,

for i  j , i.e., a11 0  0 
 0 a22 0 
D 
   
 
 0 0 ann 

is called a diagonal matrix, simply

D diag[a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]
 Types of Matrices
Identity matrices
15

In particular, a11 = a22 = … = ann = 1, the

matrix is called identity matrix.
Properties: AI = IA = A
 1 0 0
 1 0  0 1 0
Examples of identity matrices,
 0 1  I:  
 
and  0 0 1 
 Types of Matrices
Inverse matrices
16

If matrices A and B such that AB = BA = I,

then B is called the inverse of A (symbol: A-
1
); and A is called the inverse of B (symbol:= I
B-1). 1 2 3  6  2  3
Example: 
A  1 3 3 B   1 1 0 

 1 2 4    1 0 1 

Show B is the inverse of matrix A.

 1 0 0
AB BA  0 1 0 
*Note that
 0 0 1 
 Types of Matrices
Transpose matrices
17

The matrix obtained by interchanging the

rows and columns of a matrix A is called
the transpose of A (write AT).
 1 2 3
Example:A  4 5 6
   1 4
The transpose of A isAT  2 5 
 3 6 

For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],

where bij = aji.
 Types of Matrices
Symmetric matrices
18

A matrix A such that AT = A is called

symmetric,
i.e., aji = aij for all i and j.
Example:  1 2 3  is
symmetric. A  2 4  5 
 3  5 6 

Skew-symmetric matrices
A matrix A such that AT = -A is called skew
symmetric,
i.e., aji = -aij for all i and j.
  1 0 0
Types of Matrices I=  0 1 0
 
 0 0 1 
Orthogonal matrices
19

A matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = ATA =

I, i.e., AT = A-1
 1/ 3 1/ 6  1/ 2 
 
Example: Prove that
A  1/ 3  2 / 6 0  is
 
orthogonal.  1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2 

 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 
 
Since, A  1/ 6
T
 2 / 6 1/ 6  . Hence, AAT =
 
ATA = I.   1/ 2 0 1/ 2 

We’ll see that orthogonal matrix represents a

rotation in fact!
 Properties of Matrices
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(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(AT)T = A and (lA)T = l AT
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT
 3.2 Algebra Operation for Matrices
21

Matrix Addition and Subtraction

To add or subtract two matrices, we simply
add
or subtract the corresponding elements.
Let A = aij , B = bij be mn matrices.
Then:
1 +
A  1B  3 a 4 +
 =  b 4, and
3  1 - B
A 1 = 3a 4- b   2  5
ij ij ij ij
3 4    1  4   4 0  3 4  1  4   2 8
           
 2 0   2 3   4 3  2 0   2 3   0  3
 Scalar Multiplication
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Let l be any scalar and A = [aij] is an m  n matrix.

Then lA = [laij] for 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
i.e., each element in A is multiplied by l.
 1 2 3
Example: A  0 1 4  . Evaluate
 
3A.
 3 1 3 2 3 3   3 6 9 
3 A    
 3 0 3 1 3 4   0 3 12 

In particular, l = -1, i.e., -A = [-aij]. It is

called the negative of A. Note: A - A = 0 is a
zero matrix
 Matrix Multiplication
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Let A be a mk matrix, and B be a kn matrix,

AB [cij ]
k
cij  ait btj ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  ...  aik bkj
t 1

 b11 b12 b13 b14 

 a11 a12 a13  b   c11 c12 c13 c14 
a b b b 
 21 a22 a23   21 22 23 24   c21 c22 c23 c24 
 b31 b32 b33 b34 

a11b12  a12b22  a13b32 c12

 Matrix Multiplication
Matching Dimensions
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To multiply two matrices, inner numbers must match:

Otherwise,
not defined.

23 34
24 matrix (Output)

have to be equal

 b11 b12 b13 b14 

 a11 a12 a13  b   c11 c12 c13 c14 
a b22 b23 b24 
a23     c21 c22 c23 c24 
21
 21 a22
 b31 b32 b33 b34 
23
34 24
 Example:
25

  1 2
 1 2 3
A   ,  2 3
B and C
 0 1 4
= AB.  5 0 

Evaluate c21.   1 2
 1 2 3  
 0 1 4  2 3 c21 0 ( 1)  12  4 5 22

   5 0
 
 Exercise 1
1 2 3  2 3 0
26

If A 
4 
and
B 
5 
.
0 1  1 2

Evaluate A + B and A – B.

  1 2
 1 2 3
If A 
0 1 4  ,  2 3
B . Evaluate C =
 
AB.  5 0 
 Exercise 2
27

Compute the following operations

Find :
a)
b)
28

Thank you.