Charts and Graphs

in R
 Charts and Graphs supported
• Pie chart
• Bar chart
• Box plots
• Historams
• Line
graphs
• Scatter
plots
 Pie charts
• R Programming language has numerous
libraries to create charts and graphs.
• A pie-chart is a representation of values as
slices of a circle with diff erent colors.
• The slices are labeled and the numbers
corresponding to each slice is also
represented in the chart.
• In R the pie chart is created using the pie()
funct ion which t akes positive numbers as a
vector input.
• The additional parameters are used to control
labels, color, title etc.
 Pie charts – Syntax
• The basic synt ax f or creat ing a pie-chart using t he R is
−
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
• Following is the description of the parameters used −
– x is a vector containing the numeric values used
in the pie chart.
– labels is used to give description to the slices.
– radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie
chart.(value between −1 and +1).
– main indicates the title of the chart.
– col indicates the color palette.
– clockwise is a logical value indicating if the slices
are drawn clockwise or anti clockwise.
 Pie charts – Example
# Create data for the graph.
x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York", "Singapore",
"Mumbai")

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "city.png")

# Plot the chart.

pie(x,labels)
Pie charts – Example
 Pie chart example with colors
# Create data for the graph.
x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("Pune",
"Nashik", "Aurangabad",
"Mumbai")

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "city_title_colours.png")

# Plot the chart with title and

rainbow color pallet.
pie(x, labels, main = "City pie chart", col =
rainbow(length(x)))

# Save the file.

dev.off()
Pie chart example with colors
 Pie chart with colors and labels
# Create data for the graph.
x <- c(21, 62, 10,53)
labels <- c("London","New
York","Singapore","Mumbai")

piepercent<- round(100*x/sum(x), 1)
png(file = "city_percentage_legends.png")

# Plot the chart.

pie(x, labels = piepercent, main = "City pie chart",col =
rainbow(length(x)))
legend("topright", c("Pune","Nashik","Aurangabad","Mumbai"),
cex = 0.8, fill = rainbow(length(x)))

# Save the file.

dev.off()
Pie chart with colors and labels
 3D Pie Chart
# Get the
library.
library(plotrix)

# Create data for the

graph. x <- c(21, 62,
10,53)
lbl <-
c("Nashik","Aurangabad","N
avi Mumbai","Nagpur")

# Plot the chart.

pie3D(x,labels = lbl,explode = 0.1, main = "Pie Chart
of Countries ")
3D Pie Chart
 Bar charts
• A bar chart represents data in
rectangular bars with length of the bar
proportional to the value of the
variable.
• R uses t he funct ion barplot () t o
creat e bar charts.
• R can draw bot h vertical and horizontal
bars in the bar chart.
• In bar chart each of the bars can be
given diff erent colors.
 Bar charts – Syntax
• The basic syntax to create a bar-chart in R is −
barplot(H, xlab, ylab, main, names.arg, col)
• Following is the description of the parameters
used −
– H is a vector or matrix containing numeric
values used in bar chart.
– xlab is the label for x axis.
– ylab is the label for y axis.
– main is the title of the bar chart.
– names.arg is a vector of names appearing
under each bar.
– col is used to give colors to the bars in the
graph.
 Bar charts – Example
# Create the data for the chart.
H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
# Plot the bar chart. barplot(H)
Bar charts – Example
 Bar chart with attributes
# Create the data for the chart.
H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
M <-
c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")

# Plot the bar chart.

barplot(H,names.arg = M,xlab = "Month",ylab =
"Revenue",col = "blue", main = "Revenue chart",border
= "red")
Bar chart with attributes
 Bar chart – Stacked
colors <- c("green","orange","brown")
months <- c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")
regions <- c("East","West","North")

Values <-
matrix(c(2,9,3,11,9,4,8,7,3,12,5,2,8,10,11
),nrow =
3,ncol = 5,byrow = TRUE)

png(file = "barchart_stacked.png")

barplot(Values,main = "total revenue",names.arg = months,xlab =

"month",ylab = "revenue", col = colors)

legend("topleft", regions, cex = 1.3, fill = colors)

dev.off()
Bar chart – Stacked
 Boxplot
• Boxplots are a measure of how well
distribut ed is the data in a data set.
• It divides the data set into three quartiles.
This graph represents the minimum,
maximum, median, fi rst quartile and third
quartile in the data set.
• It is also useful in comparing the
distribution of data across data sets by
drawing boxplots for each of them.
• Boxplots are created in R by using the
boxplot() function.
 Boxplot – Syntax
• The basic syntax to create a boxplot in R is −
boxplot(x, data, notch, varwidth, names, main)
• Following is the description of the parameters used
−
– x is a vector or a f ormula
– data is the data frame.
– notch is a logical value. Set as TRUE to draw a
notch.
– varwidth is a logical value. Set as true to draw
width of the box proportionate to the sample
size.
– names are the group labels which will be
printed under each boxplot.
– main is used to give a title to the graph.
 Boxplot – Example
• We use the data set "mtcars" available
in the R environment to create a basic
boxplot. Let's look at the columns
"mpg" and "cyl" in mtcars.

input <- mtcars[,c('mpg','cyl')]

print(head(input))
 Boxplot – Example
# Plot the chart.
boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, xlab =
"Number of Cylinders", ylab = "Miles
Per Gallon", main = "Mileage Data")
Boxplot – Example
 Boxplot with notch

# Plot the chart.

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, xlab = "Number
of Cylinders", ylab = "Miles Per Gallon",
main = "Mileage Data",
notch = TRUE, varwidth = TRUE,
col = c("green","yellow","purple"),
names = c("High","Medium","Low")
)
Boxplot with notch
 Histogram
• A histogram represents the
frequencies of values of a variable
bucketed into ranges.
• Histogram is similar to bar chart
but the difference is it groups
the values into continuous
ranges.
• Each bar in hist ogram represent s t he
height of the number of values present
in that range.
• R creates histogram using hist()
function. This function takes a vector
 Histogram – Syntax
• The basic syntax for creating a histogram using R is
−
hist(v,main,xlab,xlim,ylim,breaks,col,border)
• Following is the description of the parameters used
−
v is a vector containing numeric values used in
histogram. main indicates title of the chart.
col is used to set color of the bars.
border is used to set border color of
each bar. xlab is used to give
description of x-axis.
xlim is used to specify the range of
values on the x-axis.
 Histogram – Example
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)

# Create the histogram.

hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "yellow",border = "blue")
Histogram – Example
 Histogram – Example
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "histogram_lim_breaks.png")

# Create the histogram.

hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "green",border =
"red", xlim = c(0,40), ylim = c(0,5), breaks = 5)

dev.off()
Histogram – Example
 Line graph
• A line chart is a graph that connects a series of
points by drawing line segments between them.
• These points are ordered in one of their
coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value.
• Line charts are usually used in identifying the
trends in data.
• The plot() function in R is used to create the line
graph.
 Line graph – Syntax
• The basic synt ax t o create a line chart in R is −
plot(v,type,col,xlab,ylab)
• Following is the description of the parameters
used −
– v is a vector containing the numeric values.
– type takes the value "p" to draw only the
points, "i" to draw only the lines and "o" to
draw both points and lines.
– xlab is the label for x axis.
– ylab is the label for y axis.
– main is the Title of the chart.
– col is used to give colors to both the points
and lines.
 Line graph – Example
# Create the data for the chart.
v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "line_chart.png")

# Plot the line graph.

plot(v,type = "o")

# Save the file.

dev.off()
Line graph – Example
 Line graph – example.
# Create the data for the
chart. v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file =
"line_chart_label_colored.png")

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v,type = "o", col = "red", xlab =
"Month", ylab = "Rain fall", main = "Rain
fall chart")

# Save the
file. dev.off()
Line graph – example.
 Multiple lines in chart
# Create the data for the chart.
v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
t <- c(14,7,6,19,3)

# Give the chart file a name.

png(file = "line_chart_2_lines.png")

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v,type = "o",col = "red", xlab = "Month", ylab = "Rain
fall", main = "Rain fall chart")

lines(t, type = "o", col = "blue")

dev.off()
Multiple lines in chart
 ScatterPlot
• Scatterplots show many points plotted
in the Cartesian plane.
• Each point represents t he values
of t wo variables.
• One variable is chosen in the horizontal
axis and another in the vertical axis.
• The simple scatterplot is created
using the plot() function.
 ScatterPlot – Example
• We use the data set "mtcars" available
in the R environment t o creat e a basic
scat t erplot .
• Let's use the columns "wt" and "mpg"
in mtcars.

input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]

print(head(input))
 ScatterPlot – Example
# Get the input values.
input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]

png(file = "scatterplot.png")

# Plot the chart for cars with weight between 2.5 to 5 and
mileage between 15 and 30.
plot(x = input$wt,y = input$mpg,
xlab = "Weight",
ylab = "Milage",
xlim = c(2.5,5),
ylim = c(15,30),
main = "Weight vs Milage"
)
dev.off()
ScatterPlot – Example
 Scatter Plot matrices
• When we have more than two variables and we
want to find the correlation between one
variable versus the remaining ones we use
scatterplot matrix.
• We use pairs() function to create matrices of
scatterplots.
– Syntax:
pairs(formula, data)
– Following is the description of the
parameters used −
formula represents the series of variables used
in pairs.
data represents the data set from which the
variables will be taken.
 Scatter Plot matrices – Example
# Give the chart file a name.
png(file = "scatterplot_matrices.png")

# Plot the matrices between 4 variables giving

12 plots.

# One variable with 3 others and total 4

variables.

pairs(~wt+mpg+disp+cyl,data = mtcars,main =
"Scatterplot Matrix")

dev.off()
Scatter Plot matrices – Example
Regression
Useful resources
 Thank you
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