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Clustering, K-Means,. Expectation Maximization, Mean Shift, Classifier Ensembles, Bagging, Boosting

Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique used to group similar data points. It helps in identifying patterns within datasets without prior labels. Various algorithms are employed to perform clustering, each with its strengths and weaknesses.

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Qwert Uiop
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6 views

Clustering, K-Means,. Expectation Maximization, Mean Shift, Classifier Ensembles, Bagging, Boosting

Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique used to group similar data points. It helps in identifying patterns within datasets without prior labels. Various algorithms are employed to perform clustering, each with its strengths and weaknesses.

Uploaded by

Qwert Uiop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Clustering, K-Means,.

Expectation
Maximization, Mean Shift, Classifier
Ensembles, Bagging, Boosting
Introduction to Clustering

Clustering is an unsupervised learning


technique used to group similar data
points.

It helps in identifying patterns within


datasets without prior labels.

Various algorithms are employed to


perform clustering, each with its
strengths and weaknesses.
Overview of K-Means

K-Means is one of the most popular


clustering algorithms.

It partitions data into K distinct


clusters based on feature similarity.

The algorithm iteratively updates


cluster centroids to minimize variance
within clusters.
How K-Means Works

The algorithm starts by initializing K


centroids randomly.

Each data point is assigned to the


nearest centroid, forming clusters.

Centroids are recalculated, and the


process repeats until convergence.
Advantages of K-Means

K-Means is computationally efficient


and easy to implement.

It performs well with large datasets


and is scalable.

The algorithm is flexible and can


adapt to various shapes of data
distributions.
Limitations of K-Means

K-Means requires the number of


clusters (K) to be specified in
advance.

It is sensitive to outliers, which can


distort cluster centroids.

The algorithm may converge to local


minima, affecting the quality of
clustering.
Introduction to Expectation Maximization (EM)

EM is a statistical technique used for


parameter estimation in probabilistic
models.

It is particularly useful for clustering


when the distribution of data is
unknown.

EM operates through iterative


optimization of the likelihood function.
How EM Works

The algorithm alternates between two


steps: Expectation (E-step) and
Maximization (M-step).

In the E-step, it calculates the


expected value of the hidden
variables.

The M-step then updates the


parameters to maximize the likelihood
based on the E-step results.
Advantages of EM

EM can handle missing or incomplete


data effectively.

It is suitable for modeling complex


distributions, such as Gaussian
mixtures.

The algorithm can converge to a


global optimum under certain
conditions.
Limitations of EM

EM can be computationally intensive,


especially with large datasets.

It may converge to local optima,


depending on initialization.

The choice of the model can


significantly influence the results.
Introduction to Mean Shift

Mean Shift is a non-parametric


clustering algorithm.

It identifies dense regions in the data


space and forms clusters around
them.

The algorithm is particularly effective


for discovering clusters of arbitrary
shapes.
How Mean Shift Works

Mean Shift iteratively shifts each data


point towards the mean of points in its
neighborhood.

It continues until convergence,


resulting in a set of cluster centroids.

The radius of the neighborhood can be


controlled through a bandwidth
parameter.
Advantages of Mean Shift

Mean Shift does not require prior


knowledge of the number of clusters.

It can adapt to the shape and size of


clusters in the data.

The algorithm is robust to outliers and


noise in the data.
Limitations of Mean Shift

Mean Shift can be computationally


expensive for large datasets.

The choice of bandwidth can


significantly affect the clustering
results.

It may struggle with high-dimensional


data due to the curse of
dimensionality.
Introduction to Classifier Ensembles

Classifier ensembles combine multiple


models to improve prediction
accuracy.

They leverage the strengths of


individual classifiers while mitigating
weaknesses.

Common ensemble methods include


Bagging and Boosting.
Overview of Bagging

Bagging, or Bootstrap
Aggregating, involves training
multiple models on random
subsets of data.

Each model votes on the final


prediction, reducing variance and
improving stability.

Random Forest is a popular


example of a bagging approach
using decision trees.
Advantages of Bagging

Bagging enhances model performance


by reducing overfitting.

It can boost the accuracy of weak


learners by combining their
predictions.

The method is effective for high-


variance models like decision trees.
Overview of Boosting

Boosting is an ensemble technique


that combines weak learners to create
a strong learner.

It sequentially trains models, focusing


on misclassified instances from
previous iterations.

The final prediction is a weighted sum


of the individual model outputs.
Advantages of Boosting

Boosting often results in higher


accuracy compared to bagging.

It effectively reduces both bias and


variance in model predictions.

The method is adaptable and can be


implemented with various base
classifiers.
Limitations of Classifier Ensembles

Classifier ensembles can be complex


and computationally intensive.

They may require careful tuning of


hyperparameters for optimal
performance.

Overfitting can occur if not managed


properly, especially in boosting.
Conclusion

Clustering and ensemble methods are


powerful tools in machine learning.

Each algorithm has its unique


advantages and limitations, making
them suitable for different tasks.

Understanding these methods


enhances data analysis capabilities
and model performance.

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