The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

The properties of solid materials may be grouped into six
different categories
1- mechanical, 2-electrical, 3-thermal, 4-magnetic, 5- optical, 6-
deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
 Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties—relate deformation to an applied

load or force;
Examples, include Strength, Toughness, Hardness,
Ductility, Elasticity, Fatigue and Creep
Tensile Strength This is the ability of a material to withstand tensile loads
without rupture when the material is in tension

Compressive Strength This is the ability of a material to withstand

Compressive (squeezing) loads without being crushed when the material is
in compression.

Shear Strength This is the ability of a material to withstand offset or

traverse loads without rupture occurring .

Toughness This is the ability of a material to withstand shatter. A material

which easily shatters is brittle. Toughness indicates the ability of a material
to absorb energy
 Mechanical Properties cont.

Elasticity This is the ability of a material to deform under load and return to its
original size and shape when the load is removed. The property is required
for springs

Plasticity This is the property of a material to deform permanently under the

application of a load. Plastic deformation. This is the exact opposite to
elasticity.

Ductility This is ability of a material to stretch under the application of tensile

load and retain the deformed shape on the removal of the load. A ductile
material combines the properties of plasticity and tensile strength. All
materials which are formed by drawing are required to be ductile

Malleability This is the property of a material to deform permanently under the

application of a compressive load. A material which is forged to its final shape
is required to be malleable

Fatigue Strength This is the property of a material to withstand continuously

varying and alternating loads.

Hardness This is the property of a material to withstand indentation and

surface abrasion by another hard object. It is an indication of the wear
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
t%Ni
5 3 .3 2a
C u+ Ni
Resistivity, r 4 16 a
t%
Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)
+ 2 . a t %
Cu . 1 2
3 u +1
e d C
e fo rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 . 1
u +1
C
1 r e ” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (ºC)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
 THERMAL
Thermal properties—are related to changes in
temperature or temperature gradients across a
material; examples of thermal behavior include thermal
expansion and heat capacity.

• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity of Copper:-- It

-- Silica fiber insulation decreases when you add zinc!
offers low heat conduction.
400

Thermal Conductivity
300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
 MAGNETIC
Magnetic properties—the responses of a material to the
application of a magnetic field; common magnetic properties
include magnetic susceptibility and magnetization.

• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability

-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity
 DETERIORATIVE
Deteriorative characteristics—relate to the chemical reactivity of
materials;
for example, corrosion resistance of metals.
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Boveri Co.)
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and
4 mm
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
-- material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.26,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial Airplane
 PROCESSING,STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES &
performance
• One aspect of Materials Science is the investigation
of relationships that exist between the processing,
structures, properties, and performance of
materials.
• The performance of a material depends on its
properties
• Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs
structure of steel
• Processing can change structure
Ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship
 ADVANCED MATERIALS

Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications

•Semiconductors
Have electrical conductivities intermediate between conductors and insulators
•Biomaterials
Must be compatible with body tissues
•Smart materials
Could sense and respond to changes in their environments in predetermined
manners
•Nanomaterials
Have structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of
which may be designed on the atomic/molecular level
 Example – HIP IMPLANT
• Requirements
– mechanical strength
(many cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Fig 1.3 Bar chart of room-temperature density values for various metals, ceramics, polymers, andcomposite materials
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature strength (i.e. tensile strength) values for various metals, ceramics,
polymers, and composite materials
 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture for various metals, ceramics,

polymers, and composite materials
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600

Hardness (BHN)
30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 12.31(a) and
400 (b) 12.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
(a) Fig. 17.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 12.19;
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 11.29; (c) Fig. 12.33; and (d) Fig.
12.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures
30 μm 12.19, 12.21, & 12.33 copyright 1971 by United
200 30 μm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
16
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
• By structure we mean how some internal
components of the material is (are)
arranged.
• In terms of dimensionality, structural
elements include subatomic, atomic,
microscopic, and macroscopic

23
•Subatomic structure—involves electrons within the
individual atoms, their energies and interactions with the
nuclei.
• ‫يتضمن اإللكترونات داخل الذرات الفردية وطاقاتها وتفاعالتها مع النوى‬.
• Atomic structure—relates to the organization of atoms
to yield molecules or crystals. ‫يتعلق بتنظيم الذرات إلنتاج جزيئات أو‬
‫بلورات‬.
•Nanostructure—deals with aggregates of atoms that
form particles (nanoparticles) that have nanoscale
dimensions (less that about 100 nm).
• ‫يتعامل مع مجاميع الذرات التي تشكل جسيمات (جسيمات نانوية) لها أبعاد نانوية (أقل من‬
)‫ نانومتر‬100 ‫حوالي‬.
•Microstructure—those structural elements that are
subject to direct observation using some type of
microscope (structural features having dimensions
between 100 nm and several millimeters).
• ‫تلك العناصر الهيكلية التي تخضع للمراقبة المباشرة باستخدام نوع من المجهر (السمات‬
)‫ نانومتر وعدة ملليمترات‬100 ‫الهيكلية لها أبعاد تتراوح بين‬.
•Macrostructure—structural elements that may be