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PROPERTIES of NERVE and AP

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Rohit Kumar
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2 views44 pages

PROPERTIES of NERVE and AP

Uploaded by

Rohit Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PROPERTIES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

1.Conduction of
Action Potential
Voltage Gated Channels in axon open
serving to “Propogate” the Action
potential down the axon
Saltatory Conduction
34
Saltatory Conduction
Myelination Speeds conduction
velocity
Conduction velocity is
proportional to diameter (larger
 faster).
Myelination allows small
diameter axons to conduct
signals quickly.
Action potential jumps from
AP generated at every single spot all the way down the axon

Voltage gated Channels only at Nodes of Ranvier


AP only generated at “Nodes of Ranvier”  less depolarizing
 “Saltatory Conduction”
Conductivity
• Action potential is self-propagative

• Conduction may orthodromic or


antedromic

• In axon, conduction is towards terminal


buttons physiologically.-orthodromic

• In myelinated nerves, conduction is


saltatory type.
2.PRODUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIAL

1.A local potential must reach the


axon hillock.

2. A local potential must produce


enough depolarization to reach the
threshold of the neuron.
The Generation of an Action Potential
Erlanger-Gasser’s Classification:-

Type Function Diameter Con.Velocity


(μm) (m/s)

Aα propioception, 12-20 70-120


Somatic motor
Aβ Touch, pressure 5-12 30-70
Aγ motor to muscle spindle 3-6 15-30
Aδ pain, cold, touch 2-5 12-30
B preganglionic autonomic <3 3-15

C i) Dorsal root- Pain, temp 0.4-1.2 0.7-2.3


ii) Postganglionic sympathetic 0.3-1.3
Numerical classification
Number origin fiber type
Ia Muscle spindle, Aα
annulospiral ending
Ib Golgi tendon organ Aα

II Muscle spindle, flower-spray Aβ


ending, touch, pressure

III Pain, temperature, touch Aδ


IV Pain C
3.ALL OR NONE RESPONSE

When sub-threshold intensity


stimulus applied to an axon -
no action potential (NONE
RESPONSE)

Threshold intensity- Full -


fledged action potential
ALL OR NONE RESPONSE
There occurs no increase in the
magnitude of action potential
when the strength of stimulus is
more than the threshold level (ALL
RESPONSE) as long as the other
experimental conditions remains
constant

A single nerve fiber obeys “all or


none law”
4.REFRACTORY PERIOD
The period of time during
which an excitable cell
cannot generate second
action potential is called
the
refractory period.
Absolute refractory period-
 It is the period of time during
which a second action
potential, cannot be elicited,
even with a very strong
stimulus

 Period of action potential


from firing level until
repolarization is almost 1/3rd
complete (spike potential)
2) Relative refractory period-
• It is the period of time during
which an second action potential,
can be elicited only with a stimulus of
higher intensity is called as Relative
refractory period.

 It extends from the end of absolute


refractory period to the start of after
depolarization phase of action
potential
Properties of the Action
Potential(AP)

1. Depolarization must exceed


threshold value to trigger AP

2. AP propagates without decrement

3. AP is all-or-none

4. AP is followed by refractory period


Objectives
1.Types of Action potentials
2.Local potentials
3.Properties of Nerve Fiber
TYPES OF ACTION POTENTIAL

1. Monophasic AP

2. Biphasic AP

3. Compound AP
Monophasic Action potentials
Biphasic Action potentials
COMPOUND ACTION POTENTIAL
• Multi-peaked action potential
recorded from a mixed nerve bundle
is called a compound action
potential.
A “Nerve impulse” consists
of two components:

1. Local potential

2. Action potential
Electro tonus: Is defined as the change
occurring in the tissues as a result of
passage of a electrical current.

Catelectrotonus: Changes occurring in


the tissue portion under the cathode
electrode(DEPOLARIZING)

Anelectrotonus: Changes occurring in


the tissue portion under the anode
electrode(HYPERPOLARIZING)
LOCAL RESPONSE
GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL
• Produced due • Produced due
to application application of
of threshold
subthreshold stimulus
stimulus
• It is a local • Propagative
response type of
response
• It is a graded • All or nothing
GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL

• No latent period • Has a latent


period
• No refractory • Has a refractory
period period
• Not affected by • Not produced
hypoxia, during hypoxia,
anaesthesia anaesthesia
PROPERTIES OF NERVE FIBER

1. EXCITABILITY
2. CONDUCTIVITY
3. ALL OR NONE LAW
4. REFRACTORY PERIOD
5. SUMMATION
6.ACCOMODATION
7. INFATIGABILITY
EXCITABILITY
It’s the ability of a cell to
produce action potential in
response to a threshold
stimulus.

 Nerve and Muscle are excitable

 Capable of generation &


transmission of action
Based on the strength of stimulus

 Minimal (threshold)
 Subliminal
 maximal
 Sub-maximal
 Supra-maximal
STRENGTH-DURATION CURVE

STRENGTH

2 X RHEOBASE

RHEOBASE

UTILISATION TIME
CHRONAXI
E
TIME
RHEOBASE- minimum strength
(voltage) of stimulus which can excite
the tissue, whatever may be the
duration of the stimulus

UTILIZATION TIME- Minimum time


required for a rheobasic current (threshold
strength) to excite the tissue.

CHRONAXIE- Minimum time at which


the stimulus with double the
rheobasic strength (Voltage) can
excite the tissue.
Chronaxie
 Is an index of excitability of a tissue

 Can be used to compare the


excitability
of the various tissues

Longer the chronaxie lesser is the


excitability
Factors affecting excitability
1) Temperature

2) Blood supply- severe hypoxia decrease


excitability

3) Chemicals- anesthetics abolish excitability

4) pH- increased excitability in alkaline and


reduced excitability in acidic media.
SUMMATION

1. TEMPORAL SUMMATION

2. SPATIAL SUMMATION
ACCOMODATION
• When a stimulus is applied very
slowly, no matter however strong it
might be, it fails to produce an
action potential.

• Cause: a slowly applied stimulus


causes slower opening of Na+
channels with concomitant opening
of K+ channels. The influx Na+ of is
balanced by efflux of K+ .
Infatigability
 The ions that take part during one
impulse are very few

 Where as the concentration of these


ions is very high

 The impulse transmission is simple


diffusion of ions & does not require
much energy
Questions
1. Define refractory period. Explain its basis and significance.
2. Ionic basis of resting membrane potential
3. Describe ionic basis of action potential at different stages. What is refractory period
4. What is resting membrane potential? Give its normal value in a large myelinated nerve fibre. Explain how it is
established in a nerve fibre.
5. Classify nerve fibres based on their conduction velocities. Explain the factors affecting velocity of nerve conduction.

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