Nutrition Marie Dunford

J. Andrew Doyle
for Sport and Exercise, Third Edition

2 Energy Systems and

Exercise

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 Learning Objectives

• Describe the rephosphorylation of ATP and the

general characteristics of the creatine
phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative
phosphorylation energy systems.
• Describe the specific characteristics of the
creatine phosphate energy system, and explain
how it is used to replace ATP during exercise.
• Describe the specific characteristics of the
anaerobic glycolysis energy system, and explain
how it is used to replace ATP during exercise.

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 Learning Objectives

• Describe the specific characteristics of the

oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic) energy
system and explain how it is used to replace
ATP during exercise.
• Explain the process of aerobic metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (amino acids),
and the concept of measuring fuel utilization with
the respiratory exchange ratio, and describe the
factors that influence fuel utilization.

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 Learning Objectives

• Describe the response of oxygen consumption

to steady state and submaximal exercise, and
explain the concept of maximal oxygen
consumption (VO2max)

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 Overview of Energy Systems

• Hydrolysis of ATP
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is split chemically,
leaving adenosine
• diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
and releasing
• energy in an exergonic reaction.

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 3.1 Overview of Energy Systems

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 Overview of Energy Systems

• Rephosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

• An inorganic phosphate (Pi) is joined to
adenosine diphosphate
• (ADP) to re-form, or rephosphorylate, ATP. This
endergonic
• process requires the input of energy, which is
then stored as
• potential energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP.

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 Overview of Energy Systems

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 Overview of Energy Systems

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 Overview of Energy Systems

• Schematic of ATP and energy use by exercising muscle

• The production of force by a muscle fiber requires energy. The
• direct source of energy for muscle force production comes from
• ATP (adenosine
• triphosphate), which is stored in the muscle cell.
• When ATP is broken down to ADP (adenosine diphosphate),
• energy is released
• and can be used for muscle contraction.

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 Overview of Energy Systems

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 • The three major energy systems that replenish ATP
• Figure 3.4 The three major energy systems that
replenish ATP
• The purpose of the three energy systems—creatine
phosphate,
• anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation—is
to use
• chemical energy to re-
• form ATP, the direct source of energy used
• by cells in the body.

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 Overview of Energy Systems

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 3.2 The Creatine Phosphate Energy
System

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 The Creatine Phosphate Energy System

• The creatine phosphate energy system

• Creatine phosphate is split chemically, releasing
energy
• that is used to phosphorylate ADP and re-form
ATP, leaving
• unphosphorylated creatine.
• The reaction is catalyzed by the
• enzyme creatine kinase (CK).

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 The Creatine Phosphate Energy System

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 • Creatine metabolism—consumption, synthesis, uptake, excretion
• Creatine either is consumed in the diet from meat or fish sources
• and/or is synthesized by the liver and other tissues. Approximately
• 2 g are consumed or synthesized daily, assuming creatine
supplements
• are not taken.
• Creatine is distributed throughout the body
• in the blood and is taken up by tissues such as skeletal muscle.
• In muscle, approximately two-thirds is phosphorylated as creatine
• phosphate, whereas one-third remains as creatine. Approximately
• 2 g/d is excreted in the urine as creatinine.

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 The Creatine Phosphate Energy System
CK ATP + Cr
CrP + ADP
• One chemical step
• Catalyzed by creatine kinase (CK)
• Very fast reaction
• 1 ATP per CrP molecule
• 5- to 10- second duration
• Anaerobic
• Fatigue associated with CrP depletion
• Predominant energy system in very high
intensity exercise, e.g., “power” events
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 The Creatine Phosphate Energy System

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 • Creatine phosphate and ADP rephosphorylation
• Creatine phosphate is used to rephosphorylate
ADP to re-form
• ATP and provide energy for exercising muscle.

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 Rephosphorylation of Creatine
Phosphate

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 3.3 The Anaerobic Glycolysis Energy
System

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 Anaerobic glycolysis

• Carbohydrates in the form of glucose are broken

down through a
• series of chemical reactions that result in a net
formation of
• ATP. The final product, lactate, is an important
metabolic
• compound.

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 Does Creatine Phosphate Build Muscle?

• The substance itself does not directly build muscle but plays a
crucial role in the muscle-building process.
• By rapidly replenishing ATP during high-intensity exercises, it
enables longer and more vigorous workouts, which are key for
muscle growth.
• Consistent training at such intensity can lead to increased muscle
strength and size over time.
• creatine supplementation, which boosts creatine phosphate levels in
muscles, often leads to increased water retention in muscle cells,
giving a slightly bulkier appearance and potentially aiding in muscle
recovery and growth

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 Schematic of Anaerobic Glycolysis

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 The Fate of Lactate

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 • The fate of lactate
• Lactate is transported out of exercising muscle into the
venous circulation and is then distributed throughout the
body via thearterial circulation. Highly aerobic tissues
such as heart, liver, and kidney can remove lactate from
the blood and use it as an energy source in aerobic
metabolism.

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 • The second pathway, the glycolytic pathway, is the primary
energy system used for exercise lasting from 15 seconds to
three minutes. People running an 800-meter event e.g
• This energy system uses the glucose stored in the muscle, broken
down primarily from carbohydrates, to form ATP. The benefit of this
pathway is that it kicks in quickly, but it doesn’t make very much
energy;
• it can only supply a maximum of about three minutes of energy.
• This pathway is responsible for the buildup lactic acid ,causing
fatigue

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 The Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy
System
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken
down through a series of chemical reactions that
result in a net formation of ATP. The final step
requires oxygen, making this the aerobic
• energy system.

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 • The oxidative system is slow, but is also
the most efficient. Using fat as its primary
energy substrate, it produces enough ATP
to sustain longer duration activities.

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 3.4 The Oxidative Phosphorylation
Energy System

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 Schematic of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain

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 The Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy
System

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 The Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy
System

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 The Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy
System
• 124 Chemical Steps/Reactions
• 30 Compounds, 27 Enzymes
• Rate-limiting enzymes: PFK, IDH, COX
• Slow; potentially limitless duration; aerobic
• 30 ATP via glucose, 31 via glycogen
• Fatigue associated with fuel depletion (e.g.,
muscle glycogen)
• Predominant energy system in endurance
exercise, e.g., long distance running

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 NAD and the Transfer of Electrons

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 3.5 Fuel Utilization

• Fats are metabolized aerobically by the oxidation

of fatty acids
• Lipolysis is the term used for the breakdown of
triglycerides
• Proteins are metabolized aerobically by the
oxidation of amino acids
• The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) indicates
utilization of carbohydrate and fat as fuels

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 Fuel Utilization

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 Fuel Utilization

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 Summary

• The direct source of energy for most cellular

processes is ATP
• Creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and
oxidative phosphorylation are the three major
energy systems
• These three energy systems work in concert
although one energy system usually
predominates

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 Summary

• Each energy system has distinct advantages

(e.g., speed, amount produced, duration) and
limitations (e.g., speed, amount produced,
duration, depletion of substrate, undesirable
effects)
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats can be
metabolized aerobically through the oxidative
phosphorylation energy system
• As exercise intensity increases above moderate
levels, carbohydrates become the predominant
fuel source for energy expenditure
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