Artificial Intelligence

“Sometimes it is the people no one imagines anything of who do the things

that no one can imagine.”
Alan Turing
About Tutoring, Grading and Evaluation
Mr. Syed Mujtaba Hassan Rizvi Assignments 10%

Office: C2-227 (University of Lahore) Quiz 15%

Email
Mid-Term 25%
[email protected]
Project 10%

Final 40%

Total 100%

 Students should Expect a lot of Quizzes (Surprised),

Assignments, Presentations & Discussion.
Learning Objectives & Outcomes
The primary objective is to introduce the basic principles, techniques, and applications of
Artificial Intelligence. Emphasis will be on the teaching of these fundamentals, not on providing
a mastery of specific software tools or programming environments.
Specifically:
1. Perspective of AI and its foundations.
2. Basic principles of AI toward problem solving, inference, perception,
knowledge representation and learning.
3. Investigate applications of AI techniques in intelligent agents and other models

Upon successful completion of this course, the student shall be able to:
1) Demonstrate fundamental understanding of artificial intelligence (AI) and its
foundations.
2) Able to Apply basic principles of AI in solutions that require problem solving,
inference, perception, knowledge representation and learning.
3) Demonstrate awareness and a fundamental understanding of various applications
of AI techniques in intelligent agents, machine and deep learning models.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence comprises of two words
‘Artificial’ & ‘Intelligence’, where, Artificial means
‘copy of something natural’ and ‘Intelligence’ means
‘able to think.’

According to John McCarthy, who is known as the father of AI:

“AI is science and engineering of making intelligent

machines, especially computer programs.”
The objective of AI is to explore the ways onto a machine
that can:
 Reason like a human,
 Think like a human
 Act like a human.
• Its approach is to train a machine (i.e., a computer or a
robot) with the same capabilities as of a human brain.
What is Intelligence Composed of?
• The intelligence is intangible.
Set of processes for judgement, Ability to use, comprehend, speak, and
making decisions, and prediction write the verbal and written language

Gaining knowledge or skill by Process of acquiring, interpreting, Process in which one perceives and
studying, practicing, being taught. selecting, and organizing sensory tries to arrive at a desired solution
information.
What is Artificial Intelligence? What's More?
• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people” (Kurzweil,1990)

• “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of

intelligent behavior.” (Luger and Stublefield,1993).
Acting Vs Thinking Humanly: The Turing Test Or Cognitive
Modelling
• If the response of a computer to natural-language conversation cannot be
distinguished from that of a human being then it can be said to be intelligent.

• Method must not just exhibit behavior sufficient to fool a human judge but
must do it in a way demonstrably analogous to human cognition.
• Requires detailed matching of computer behavior and timing to detailed
measurements of human subjects.
Thinking Vs Acting Rationally (Rational Agents)
• Formalize “correct” reasoning using a mathematical model through logics
program.
Problems:
Formalizing common sense knowledge is difficult.
• An agent is an entity that perceives its environment and able to execute actions
to change it.
• Agents have inherent goals that they want to achieve.
• A rational agent acts in a way to maximize the achievement of its goals.
• True maximization of goals requires knowledge and unlimited computational
abilities.
Need for Artificial I ntelligence

• Consider a scenario where a human brain may fail to

take an intelligent decision and need someone who can
make a wise and intelligent decision for him.
• AI can create such software or devices which can solve
real-world problems very easily and with accuracy
such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
• AI can create your personal VA’s, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• AI can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/
2020/09/the-robot-revolution-has-arrived-feature/
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action.
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things
by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Stages Of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

Artificial Super • Also known as Weak AI, involve
Intelligence
machines that can perform only
narrowly defined set of specific tasks.
Artificial General • The machine does not possess any
Intelligence
thinking ability, just performs a set of
pre-defined functions.
Artificial Narrow • Siri, Alexa, Self-driving cars, Alpha-Go
Intelligence
based on Weak AI.
Stages of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Artificial Super • Also known as Strong AI, AGI is the
Intelligence stage of evolution of Artificial
Intelligence.
Artificial General • These machines will possess the ability to
Intelligence think and make decisions just like us
humans.
Artificial Narrow • There are currently no existing examples
Intelligence of Strong AI, however, it is believed that
we will soon be able to create machines
that are as smart as humans.
Stages Of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Super Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

Intelligence • Artificial Super Intelligence is the
stage of Artificial Intelligence when
the capability of computers will
Artificial General
surpass human beings.
Intelligence
• ASI is currently a hypothetical
situation as depicted in movies and
Artificial Narrow
science fiction books, where machines
Intelligence
have taken over the world.
Types Of Artificial Intelligence
Based on the functionality of AI-based systems, AI can be categorized into the following
types:
• Reactive Machines AI
These machines operate solely based on the present data. It cannot form inferences from
the data to evaluate future actions. They can perform a narrowed range of pre-defined
tasks. IBM Chess program beat the world champion.
• Limited Memory AI
These Machines can make informed and improved decisions by studying the past data
from its memory. It has temporary memory that can used to store past experiences to
evaluate future actions.
Self-driving cars are Limited Memory AI, that uses the data collected in the recent past to
make immediate decisions. Self-driving cars use sensors to identify civilians crossing the
road, steep roads, traffic signals.
Types Of Artificial Intelligence
• Theory Of Mind AI
This is more advanced type of Artificial Intelligence which is speculated to play a
major role in psychology.
This type of AI will focus mainly on emotional intelligence so that human believes and
thoughts can be better comprehended. Emotional Analysis and Sentiment Analysis are
the examples.
• Self-Aware AI
We don’t reach the state of AI, where machines have their own consciousness and
become self-awareness.
This type of AI is a little far fetched given the present circumstances.
However, in the future, achieving a stage of superintelligence might be possible.
Branches Of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence can be used to solve real-world problems by implementing
the following processes/ techniques:

• Machine Learning
• Deep Learning
• Natural Language Processing
• Robotics
• Expert Systems
• Fuzzy Logic
Branches Of Artificial Intelligence

• Machine Learning
Machine Learning is the science of getting machines to interpret,
process and analyze data in order to solve real-world problems.
Under Machine Learning there are three categories:
 Supervised Learning
 Unsupervised Learning
 Reinforcement Learning

• Deep Learning
Deep Learning is the process of implementing Neural Networks on
high dimensional data to gain insights and form solutions. Deep
Learning is an advanced field of Machine Learning that can be used to
solve more advanced problems.
Face verification algorithm on Facebook, self-driving cars, virtual
assistants like Siri, Alexa.
Branches Of Artificial Intelligence
• Natural Language Processing
NLP refers to the science of drawing insights from natural
human language in order to communicate with machines.
Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in their tweets,
Amazon uses NLP to understand customer reviews and improve user
experience.
• Robotics
Robotics focuses on different branches and application of
robots. AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a real-world
environment to produce results by taking accountable actions.
Sophia the humanoid is a good example of AI in robotics.
Branches Of Artificial Intelligence
• Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on the principles of
“degrees of truth”.
Fuzzy logic is used in the medical fields to solve complex
problems that involve decision making. They are also used in
automatic gearboxes, vehicle environment control.
• Expert Systems
An expert system is an AI-based computer system that learns and
reciprocates the decision-making ability of a human expert.
Expert systems use if-then logical notations to solve complex
problems.
It does not rely on conventional procedural programming.
Examples are information management, medical facilities, loan
analysis, virus detection.
Major Use Cases Of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence In Sports
Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. It is the first computer
chess-playing system to win both a chess game and a chess match against a
leading world champion.
• Artificial Intelligence For Rescue Missions
The use of Artificial Intelligence and technology to ensure the help arrives faster.
Developing systems which help first responders find victims of earthquakes, floods,
and any other natural disasters like Covid-19.
• Artificial Intelligence For Smart Agriculture
Complete monitoring of the soil and crop yield to providing predictive analytic
models to track and predict various factors and variables that could affect future yields.
The Berlin-based agricultural tech startup PEAT has developed a deep learning
algorithm-based application called Plantix which can identify defects and nutrient
deficiencies in the soil.
Major Use Cases Of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence In Healthcare
These machines enable shortening the patients’ hospital stay, positively
affecting the surgical experience and reducing medical costs all at once.
Similarly, mind-controlled robotic arms and brain chip implants have begun
helping paralyzed patients regain mobility and sensations of touch.
• Artificial Intelligence Tracking Wildlife Populations
Applications like iNaturalist and eBirds collect data on the species
encountered. This helps keep track of species populations, ecosystems and
migration patterns.
As a result, these applications also have an important role in the better
identification and protection of marine and freshwater ecosystems as well.
More……………….!
What is Artificial Intelligence?