WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
Introduction
Presenter : Pham Ngoc Son, Assoc. Prof., Ph.D.
 Communication Systems
• Provide electronic exchange of multimedia Data,
Voice, Video, Music, Email, Web pages, etc.
• Current Wireless Systems:
– Cellular systems: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and beyond 5G.
– Wireless LANs
– Wireless sensor networks
– Satellite Systems
– Bluetooth
– Ultra Wide Band Systems
– Zigbee (10 to 20 meters)
– LORA (more than 10 km in rural areas)
– RFID
– MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network)…
 Mobile vs Wireless

httpswww.cse.wustl.edu~jain
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 Wireless Networking

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Ad-hoc wireless network

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 Mobile Networking

• Impact of Mobility on Networking:

– Location
– Addressing
– Handoff

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 Why Wireless Networking?

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 Cellular Systems: Reuse channels to maximize capacity
• Geographic region divided into cells
• Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated
locations.
• Co-channel interference between same color cells.
• Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions
• Shrinking cell size increases capacity

BASE
STATION

MTSO
 Type of Cells

Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
 Type of Cells

• Cell radius can be vary from 10’s of meters in

buildings to 100’s of meters in the cities, up to several
km’s in the countryside.
• Macrocells provide overall area coverage.
• Microcells focus on slow moving subscribers moving
between buildings.
• Picocells focus on the halls of a theater or exhibition
center.
 Channel Capacity

• Shannon capacity:

𝐶 =𝐵𝑊 ×log 2 ( 1+ 𝑆𝑁𝑅 ) ( 𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑠 /𝑠 / 𝐻 𝑧 )

where:
BW: bandwidth.
SNR: received signal-to-noise ratio.

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 The Cellular Revolution
• Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry
(exponential growth since 1982)
• Four generations of wireless:
– First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly
vehicular communication.
– Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and
low bit-rate data. 2.5G increased data transmission capabilities
– Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high
bit-rate data.
– Fourth Generation (4G): OFDM modulation and MIMO solution to
increase the system capacity.
– The Fifth Generation Mobile Communication System (5G): high
speed, high capacity, massive number of connections, ultra-low
latency, and ultra-high reliability (ultra-high speed transmission of up
to 10Gps).
Network Architecture

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 Bluetooth

• Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
• 2.4 GHz band (crowded)
• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

• Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and

consumer electronics companies
• Few applications beyond cable replacement
 ZigBee
• ZigBee is a wireless network protocol used to connect
devices together
• For low speed and short range network
• Specially build for control and sensor networks

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 LoRa: Long Range Radio
 LoRa stands for Long Range Radio researched and
developed by Cycleo and later acquired by Semtech
company in 2012.
 Lora uses modulation techniques called chirp spread
spectrum.
 Radio frequency identifiedcation (RFID)

Enables users to uniquely identify tagged objects

Tag

A conventional RFID system is

made up of three components: Controller sensor

• RFID reader.
• RFID antenna. RFID system
Servers
• RFID transponder (or tag) Reader
antena
and
software
systems
electronically programmed with
unique data Communic
ation
Reader
infrastruct
ure

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 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 WLANs connect local computers (100m range)
 Breaks data into packets
 Channel access is shared (random access)
Wireless LAN Standards
 Wireless Sensor Network ( WSNs)
• Wireless + Sensor +
Network
• Low-cost, low-power
and multi-functional
sensors
• Deploying sensor
networks to apply in
daily life
• Based on ad-hoc
network
• Capable of self-
organizing
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 Satellite Systems

• Cover very large areas

• Different orbit heights
– GEOs (39000 Km)
– LEOs (2000 Km)
 Optical Wireless Communication
• Transmitters (e.g., LEDs, Lasers)
• Receivers (e.g., Photodiodes)
• Optical Channels: Free-space

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 Backscatter communication
• A device reflects and modulates ambient signals to
communicate.
• Key Components:
 Backscatter transmitter: Reflects and modulates signals.
 RF Signal Source: Provides the ambient signal.
 Backscatter receiver: Detects the modulated signal.

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 UWB technology
• Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio technology that uses
a very wide bandwidth (typically greater than 500
MHz) to transmit information.
• UWB uses short-duration pulses or wideband signals to
encode data.

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 Heterogeneous cellular networks
• Heterogeneous Cellular Networks are networks that integrate
different types of cells and radio access technologies to enhance
coverage, capacity, and efficiency.
• Key Components: Macro cells, small cells (micro, pico, femto),
and other network elements.

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 Device-to-device communications
• Direct communication between devices without the need for a
central network infrastructure.
• Enhances communication efficiency, reduces latency, and
improves data transfer rates.

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 Quantum Communication
• Quantum communication involves the use of quantum mechanics
principles to secure and transmit information.
• Utilizes quantum bits (qubits) and quantum entanglement to
achieve secure and efficient communication.
• Qubits can represent multiple states simultaneously.

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 Cognitive radio networks
• Cognitive Radio: An intelligent wireless communication system that senses its
environment and adapts its operations accordingly.
• Spectrum Sensing: Detects unused frequency bands (spectrum holes) for
opportunistic use.
• Dynamic Spectrum Access: Adjusts frequency, power, and modulation schemes
based on current conditions.

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 Cooperative communication
• Cooperative Communication involves multiple devices or
nodes working together to improve the performance and
reliability of wireless networks.
• Utilizes multiple paths to transmit information, improving
robustness against fading and interference.

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 Simultaneous wireless information and power
transfer (SWIPT)

• Exploiting an efficient use of radio frequency (RF)

signals for both wireless information transfer (WIT)
and wireless power transfer (WPT) at the same time.

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 Covert communications

• Refers to the exchange of information through

concealed methods.

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 Physical layer security

• Exploit the wireless channel characteristics to

secure wireless transmission in the presence of
eavesdroppers.

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 Intelligent Reflecting Surface

 The IRS is low cost and can be installed on a variety of structures.

 IRS enhances spectral utilization efficiency.
 The IRS is more energy efficient
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Source: Tsilipakos, Odysseas, et al. "Toward intelligent metasurfaces: the progress from globally tunable metasurfaces to software ‐defined
metasurfaces with an embedded network of controllers." Advanced optical
34 materials 8.17 (2020): 2000783.
 A model of Short Packet Communications

• S send Short Packet

Communications to D
sastifying URLLC


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 L 
y IRS
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 l 1 
2
  
 L 
PS   hSTl  hTl D   C D
IRS
 
 
 IRS Q  
IRS
D   l 1 
 V DIRS  /  
N0  
 
Thank You !

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