Digestive system

associated glands
Dr. Farjana Akhoond MBBS, MS Anatomy
27.06.2020
 Digestive
glands

It includes-
•Major salivery glands-
(Parotid, sublingual,
submandibular)
•Liver
•Gall bladder
•Pancreas
 MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS

The functions of saliva are:

1. Lubrication of food
2. Solvent action
3. Cleansing action
4. Digestive function
5. Excretory function
6. Helps in speech
7. Role in regulating water content in body
8. Buffering function
 Parotid gland:
(purely serous salivary gland)

Connective tissue framework-

•Fibrous capsule present

•Septa pass inside and divide the gland into
lobules.
Parenchyma (glandular substance):

•Serous acini- lined by single layer of

columnar epithelium, eosinophilic in stain,
lumen is smaller, nucleus of each cell is
rounded and centrally placed,
•Ducts- the acini open into intercalated
ducts which are lined by simple cuboidal
epithelium, it opens into striated ducts
which is lined by simple columnar
epithelium with striations at the base of the
cells, it opens into inter lobular ducts lined
by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
•Basket cells- these are myoepithelial cells
lie between the bases of secretory cells and
basal lamina and help in expulsion of
secretion
 Submandibular gland:
(Serous predominant mixed salivary gland)
Connective tissue framework-
•Fibrous capsule present
•Septa pass inside and divide the gland into
lobules.
Parenchyma (glandular substance):
•Serous acini- are more, lined by single layer of
columnar epithelium, eosinophilic in stain, lumen
is smaller, nucleus of each cell is rounded and
placed centrally
•Mucous acini- are less, lined by single layer of
columnar epithelium, nucleus is flattened and
placedperipherally, takes no stain, lumen is larger
•Serous demilunes- some mucous acini are caped
by serous acini partially called it
•Ducts- the acini open into intercalated ducts
which are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, it
opens into striated ducts which is lined by simple
columnar epithelium with striations at the base of
the cells, it opens into inter lobular ducts lined by
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
•Basket cells- these are myoepithelial cells lie
between the bases of secretory cells and basal
lamina and help in expulsion of secretion
 Submandibular gland:
(Serous predominant mixed salivary gland)
Connective tissue framework-
•Fibrous capsule present
•Septa pass inside and divide the gland into
lobules.
Parenchyma (glandular substance):
•Serous acini- are less, lined by single layer of
columnar epithelium, nucleus is rounded and
placed centrally, eosinophilic in stain, lumen is
smaller
•Mucous acini- are more, lined by single layer of
columnar epithelium, nucleus is flattened and
placedperipherally, takes no stain, lumen is larger
•Serous demilunes- some mucous acini are caped
by serous acini partially called it
•Ducts- the acini open into intercalated ducts
which are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, it
opens into striated ducts which is lined by simple
columnar epithelium with striations at the base of
the cells, it opens into inter lobular ducts lined by
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
•Basket cells- these are myoepithelial cells lie
between the bases of secretory cells and basal
lamina and help in expulsion of secretion
Questions:

1.Differentiate between serous & mucous acinus

2.What is the necessity of striation in striated ducts?
3.What is demilune & what is it’s importance?
4.Why serous acinus is having myoepithelial/basket cells?
 The Liver

The primary functions of the liver are:

1.Bile production and excretion.

2.Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs.
3.Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
4.Enzyme activation.
5.Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals.
6.Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting
factors.
 Liver:

1.Under peritoneal lining liver is covered by

connective capsule called Glisson’s capsule
2.Hepatic capsule enters the liver and
divide it into hexagonal lobules
3.Each lobule contains a central vein in it’s
center and portal space in each corner
4.Hepatic cells called hepatocytes pass in
radiating manner from central vein to
periphery
5.In between hepatic lamina there lies
hepatic lacunae which possesses hepatic
sinusoids
6.The portal space surrounded by a limiting
plate possesses the branch of hepatic
artery, a branch of portal vein and inter
lobular bile ductule forming the portal triad
Hepatic lobule-
The area drained by central vein,
hexagonal in shape, central vein in its
center and portal triad in it’s periphery

Portal lobule-
The area drained by bile duct, triangular
in shape, portal triad in its center and
hepatic lobules in it’s periphery

Portal acinus-
The area supplied by hepatic artery,
diamond in shape with two central
veins at it’s corner
Space of Mall-
The space between fibrous
sheath of portal canal and
limiting plate is called so

Space of Disse-
The space between hepatic
sinusoid and hepatic lamina is
called so

Ito cells/hepatic stellate cell-

Present in space of Disse, store
vit A and causes regeneration of
damaged liver cells
 Gallbladder:

• A hollow, pear-shaped organ attached to

the lower surface of the liver

• Capable of storing 30–50 ml of bile

• It store bile, concentrate it by absorbing

its water, and release it when necessary
into the digestive tract

• Contruction of gallbladder is induced by

cholecystokinin (CCK) released from
enteroendocrine cells of the small
intestine by presence of dietary fats in the
small intestine
 Gall bladder

• The mucosa has abundant

folds when the gallbladder

is empty

• Mucosa composed of
simple columnar
epithelium and lamina
propria

• A thin muscularis with

bundles of muscle fibers
oriented in several
direction

• An external adventitia or
serosa is present
The pancreas is a gland
located in the abdomen with
two key functions: an
exocrine function that helps
in digestion and an
endocrine function that
regulates blood sugar
 Pancrease:

• Connective tissue framework-

Thin connective tissue capsule enclosing the gland send
septa inside and divide it into lobules

• Exocrine part(completely serous):

Composed of acini and several ducts
Acini- The acini are lined by simple columnar epithelium
with small lumen where centroaciner cells are present
Ducts- Intra and inerlobular ducts present wich are lined by
simple cuboidal epithelium but no striated ducts present

• Endocrine part (Islets of Langerhans)-

These are lightly staind collection of cells penetrated by
capillaries. It is composed of following cells
•Alpha cells:
hormone glucagon, elevates blood glucose levels
•Beta cells:
hormone insulin, lowers blood glucose levels
•Delta cells:
hormone somatostatin, inhibits both alpha and beta cells
•Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP):
hormone pancreatic polypeptide, inhibits production of
pancreatic enzymes and alkaline secretions
The centroacinar cells of pancreas:

Some parts of intercalated ducts are

invaginated into the lumen of acini which are
known as centroacinar cells because cut
section of an acinus shows these cells placed
centrally as floating . Functions of these cells is
secretion of bicarbonate rich secretion
 Differentiation between parotid gland & pancreas:

Traits Parotid gland Pancreas

• Nature of gland exocrine mixed

• Type of gland Compound tubulo acinar gland compound acinar gland
• Intercalated ducts stiated not
• Myoepithelial cells present lack
• Centroacinar cells lack present