Problem Statement

Medical imaging analysis plays a critical role in the early detection and diagnosis of respiratory conditions like
pneumonia. However, the process often suffers from delays, inaccuracies, and the lack of accessible tools for
real-time and batch analysis of medical scans. Clinicians and researchers also face challenges in integrating AI-
powered models into their workflows, enhancing images for better clarity, and maintaining comprehensive
patient records and scan histories. The need for a robust system to automate and streamline these processes
while providing advanced analytics is evident.

Problem Definition
Current Situation:
• Manual interpretation of X-ray and CT scans results in long wait times.
• Delays hinder early diagnosis and treatment, leading to worsened outcomes.

Who is Affected?
• Clinicians and Healthcare Providers:
• Especially in rural or under-resourced areas with limited access to specialized radiology expertise.
• General practitioners and local healthcare workers may face challenges in accurate interpretation .
 Problem Definition

Impact:
• Worsened Patient Outcomes: Advanced disease progression, leading to higher morbidity and mortality
rates.
• Inefficient Resource Use: Overburdened healthcare systems, leading to missed critical diagnoses.

Root Cause:
• Lack of Real-Time, Automated Solutions: Traditional analysis methods require slow, manual intervention
and are prone to error.
• Limited access to AI-based detection tools in most healthcare settings.
 Proposed Solution
The solution is an AI-powered medical imaging system designed to detect pneumonia from X-ray and CT scan images. It
leverages deep learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to accurately classify medical
images as either "normal" or "pneumonia detected." The system aims to assist healthcare professionals by providing faster,
more reliable diagnostic support, reducing the workload on radiologists, and enabling timely intervention for patients.

Key Components:
• Image Upload Interface: A user-friendly frontend where doctors can upload medical images (X-ray/CT scan) in
various formats (JPEG, PNG, DICOM).
• Image Preprocessing: Before analysis, the system applies preprocessing techniques such as resizing, normalization,
and noise reduction to enhance image quality and improve model accuracy.
• Deep Learning Model: A pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), such as ResNet or MobileNet, is used to
classify images. The model is fine-tuned with pneumonia-specific datasets for higher accuracy in detection.
• Model Prediction: The system processes the uploaded image, and the AI model predicts whether the image shows
signs of pneumonia. The result is displayed on the user interface.
• Result Visualization: The system shows the prediction with a confidence score (e.g., "Pneumonia detected with 85%
confidence") and visualizations like heatmaps or Grad-CAM (Class Activation Maps) to indicate the regions of the
image that led to the prediction.
• Patient Database: A database stores images, patient details, and diagnosis results, allowing healthcare providers to
access historical data for comparison and follow-up.
• Alert System: If pneumonia is detected, the system triggers an alert to the medical team for immediate review and
action.
 Software requirements
1. Programming Languages:
1. Python 3.x
2. Libraries & Frameworks:
1. Streamlit: For building interactive web applications.
2. TensorFlow (Keras): For loading and using machine learning models for image classification.
3. Pandas: For data manipulation and analysis.
4. NumPy: For numerical computations and image processing.
5. Plotly: For creating interactive charts and visualizations.
6. Scikit-learn: For generating classification reports and confusion matrices.
7. OpenCV: For image preprocessing (e.g., CLAHE, denoising).
8. Pydicom: For reading DICOM medical images.
9. SQLite: For local database management of scan results, user data, and audit logs.
10. Requests: For sending HTTP requests (e.g., notifications).
11. smtplib: For sending email notifications.
3. Database:
1. SQLite: Used for storing user data, scan results, and audit logs.
4. Deployment Tools:
1. Heroku or AWS EC2: For deploying the web application.
5. Other Tools:
1. Pillow: For image manipulation and preprocessing.
2. Python Virtual Environment: For managing dependencies.
 Advantages
• High Accuracy: The system uses advanced AI models for image analysis, providing high levels of accuracy in
diagnosis (e.g., pneumonia detection).
• Multi-Model Support: Users can choose between different models, such as X-ray, CT, and advanced multi-modal
models, ensuring flexibility.
• Real-Time Analysis: The system can analyze medical images in real-time, providing fast diagnosis support.
• Patient Management: Integrates patient information and medical scans, allowing for comprehensive tracking of
medical histories and treatment.
• Batch Processing: Supports batch processing for multiple image uploads, improving efficiency in high-volume
clinical environments.
• Visualization Tools: Includes powerful data visualizations, heatmaps, and analysis dashboards, helping clinicians
make informed decisions.

Disadvantages
• Dependency on High-Quality Data: The system's effectiveness depends on the quality of the images it processes.
Poor quality or improperly formatted images may reduce accuracy.
• Complex Setup: For users who are not familiar with AI or medical imaging technologies, setting up and using the
system may require specialized knowledge.
• Model Limitations: The AI models may not always be 100% accurate, especially with complex cases or uncommon
conditions.
• Privacy Concerns: Handling patient data and medical scans may pose privacy risks if not properly secured.
 Applications

• Medical Imaging Analysis: PneumoScan AI is used to analyze medical images, particularly X-rays and CT
scans, to detect conditions like pneumonia.
• Research Tools: Provides advanced analytics for model performance and dataset analysis, aiding in medical
research.
• Batch Processing: Allows multiple images to be processed simultaneously, making it useful in environments
where large volumes of scans are handled.
• Patient Management: Helps manage patient data, track case histories, and monitor treatment progress.
• Analytics Dashboard: Displays insights like temporal trends, demographic analysis, and geographic
distribution, useful for healthcare providers and researchers.
• Custom Model Training: Enables users to train their own machine learning models for specific use cases
within the medical field.
 Proposed System Architecture
1. User Interface Layer
• Technology Used: Streamlit
• Key Features:
• User authentication and session management.
• Navigation through functionalities such as scan analysis, batch processing, patient management, and
analytics dashboard.
• File upload capabilities for various medical image formats (JPEG, PNG, DICOM).
• Display of results including diagnosis reports and visualizations.

2. Application Logic Layer

• Components:
• Session State Management: Maintains user session data including history and scan counts.
• Model Management: Loads pre-trained models based on user selection (X-ray or CT).
• Image Processing Functions:
• Preprocessing techniques to enhance images (e.g., CLAHE for contrast enhancement).
• Classification functions that utilize the selected model to predict diagnoses.
• Database Interaction: Functions to save scan results and retrieve user information from SQLite database.
 Proposed System Architecture
3. Data Processing Layer
• Machine Learning Models:
• Uses TensorFlow Keras to load and run classification models.
• Classifies images into categories (e.g., Normal, Pneumonia).
• Image Enhancement Techniques:
• Applies denoising and enhancement methods to improve image quality before classification.

4. Database Layer
• Database Management System: SQLite
• Key Tables:
• users: Stores user credentials and roles.
• scans: Records details of scans including timestamps, diagnoses, confidence scores, and associated images.
• audit_logs: Logs user actions for security and tracking purposes.

5. Notification System
• Sends urgent notifications via email if a high-confidence pneumonia diagnosis is detected.

6. Analytics and Reporting Layer

• Generates detailed medical reports based on classification results.
• Provides advanced analytics tools for evaluating model performance and managing patient data.
Architecture Diagram
State Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
Activity Diagram