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5 views

Variable

Uploaded by

ravimedu.ac.in
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 14

Sessional Work:

Government College of
Education
Student Submitted to
Name: Aakash Bhat, Class: Submitted to: Dr. Rajinder
M.Ed 1st Semester, Roll Kour
No.: 15

Subject
Educational Research
Variables and Its
Types
This presentation explores the concept of variables in research,
covering their meaning, types, and significance.
Introduction
Observation
Each person or thing we collect data on is called an
observation.

Constant
A characteristic that remains the same for all members of
a group.

Variable
A characteristic that differs among members of a group.
Meaning
In research, a variable refers to a measurable characteristic,
quality, or attribute of an individual, object, or event being
studied.

1 Measurable
Variables can be quantified or measured.

2 Variability
Variables can take on different values or amounts.

3 Example
Age is a variable because it can vary across individuals.
Definition of Variables
According to Kerlinger (1973), a variable is a construct or trait that is studied.

Kidder (1981) defines a variable as a quality that researchers study to draw


conclusions.
Types of Variables
Independent Variable Dependent Variable Intervening Variable

The variable that is manipulated The variable that is measured or A hypothetical variable that
or controlled in an experiment. observed in an experiment. explains the relationship
between other variables.
Dependent and
Independent Variables
The independent variable is manipulated, while the dependent
variable is measured.

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Test Score Hours Studied

Plant Growth Amount of Fertilizer


Intervening or Mediating Variable
An intervening variable is a hypothetical variable that explains the relationship between other
variables.

It cannot be directly observed but is used to explain the causal link between other variables.
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
Qualitative Variables Quantitative Variables

Express a qualitative attribute, such as hair color, Measured in terms of numbers, such as age, height,
religion, or gender. or weight.
Extraneous Variable
An extraneous variable is any variable that is not being investigated but could affect
the outcome of a research study.

They are not part of the study and can confound the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
TYPES OF
EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE
Confounds and artifacts are extraneous variables that can
influence research findings. These variables threaten the validity of
an experiment, making it difficult to determine if the observed
effect is due to the independent variable or the extraneous
variable.
Confounds: Threats to
Internal Validity
1 Systematic Variation 2 Alternative
Explanations
A confound changes
alongside the The confound provides an
independent variable, alternative explanation
making it impossible to for the observed effect,
isolate the effect of the undermining internal
independent variable. validity.

3 Example: Classroom Noise


If one group is taught in a quiet classroom while another
group is taught in a noisy one, it's hard to know if
performance differences are due to the teaching method or
the noise level.
Artifacts: Threats to External Validity
Methodology-Related Generalizability Concerns Example: Placebo Effect

Artifacts arise from the study's Artifacts threaten external validity, In a drug study, participants'
methodology, procedures, or making it difficult to generalize the knowledge of receiving treatment
environment, potentially distorting findings to other populations or can influence their responses,
findings. settings. creating an artifact that distorts
the true effects of the drug.
Control Variables: Minimizing Extraneous Influence
1 2 3

Constant Conditions Focus on Independent Variable Enhanced Internal Validity


Control variables are kept constant By controlling extraneous factors, Controlling variables strengthens the
throughout the experiment to researchers can focus on the effect of internal validity of the experiment by
eliminate their influence on the the independent variable on the reducing the likelihood of alternative
outcome. dependent variable. explanations for the observed effect.

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