Scribd
Upload
10 views17 pages

Lecture 6 - Properties of Electrical Materials - Insulators (1)

Uploaded by

yousfkandil9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views17 pages

Lecture 6 - Properties of Electrical Materials - Insulators (1)

Uploaded by

yousfkandil9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Insulator

D R. A H M E D K A M A L E L -
DIN
INTRODUCTION
The insulating material is a substance which prevents the leakage of electric current in
unwanted directions.
It is used not only for protection against electrical short circuits but also for mechanical
protection, support and thermal isolation.
The resistivity of an insulator varies greatly with the purity and surface condition of the
material, time of application of the voltage, and in some cases with the magnitude of
the applied stress.
It usually decreases rapidly as the temperature is increased.

The valence band of an insulator is completely full.


BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS
In insulators the electrons in the valence
band are separated by a large gap from
the conduction band.
The conduction band is completely
empty. So even if an electric field is
applied there are no electrons to move
and so no conduction can take place.
The valence electrons cannot move
because the valance band is tightly
packed, so the insulator refuses to let any
electrons move when we apply an electric
field
BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS
In insulators the electrons in the valence band are separated by a large gap from the
conduction band.
The conduction band is completely empty. So even if an electric field is applied there are
no electrons to move and so no conduction can take place.
The valence electrons cannot move because the valance band is tightly packed, so the
insulator refuses to let any electrons move when we apply an electric field
Common Properties of good
insulators
The properties of good insulating material may be summarized as here under:

1. High dielectric strength

2. High operating temperature limit

3. Resistivity of high value

4. Good surface property, i.e. high surface resistivity and low structural irregularity and
formative defects and

5. Water repelling

6. High tensile and compressive strength as well as high strength to buckling and shear

7. High chemical stability with immunity to oxidation reaction


Dielectric Strength/Breakdown
Strength/Electric Strength
It is the characteristic of insulator to withstand electric pressure.

It is a measure of the voltage necessary to cause a puncture through a particular


thickness of the material, and is measured in terms of kV/mm.
The dielectric constant or Relative Permittivity: It is the ratio of the capacitance of the
condenser system with the insulating material as the dielectric to the capacitance of the
same condenser system as vacuum as the dielectric

εr ranges from 3 to 10 for most dielectrics. For paper ε r = 2.5 to 3 ; for glass or ceramic εr
= 6 to 10; for distilled water εr =50.
Dielectric Polarization
When an electric field is applied to a capacitor, the dielectric material
(or electric insulator) become polarized,
Such that the negative charges in the material orient themselves
toward the positive electrode and the positive charges shift toward the
negative electrode.
Since charges are not free to move in an insulator

An electrical dipole moment (p) is simply a separation between a


negative and positive charge of equal magnitude Q as shown in
Figure.
 If a is the vector from the negative to the positive charge, the electric
dipole moment is defined as a vector by
Electronic polarization
The net charge within a neutral atom is zero.

On average, the center of the negative charge of the electrons coincides with the positive
nuclear charge, which means that the atom has no net dipole moment, as indicated in
Figure (a)
However, when this atom is placed in an external electric field, it will develop an induced
dipole moment.
The electrons, being much lighter than the positive nucleus, become easily displaced by the
field, which results in the separation of the negative charge center from the positive charge
center, as shown in Figure (b)
Electronic polarization
This separation of negative and positive charges and the
resulting induced dipole moment are termed polarization.
The induced dipole moment depends on the electric field
causing it. We define a quantity called the polarizability (α)
to relate the induced dipole moment (p) induced to the
field (E) causing it,

so α = 4пεoR3 Remember


The mobility μd in
Notice that polarizability depends on the atomic size only conductors!
in this simple classical view
POLARIZATION VECTOR (P)
If a dielectric is subjected to an electric field E, each volume element may be thought
of as carrying an electric dipole moment which is proportional to field strength.
Considering a bulk of dielectric between two parallel plate electrodes of area A
separated by a distance d with d.c. voltage V striking the electrode. Then electric
field E is given by
E= V/d
POLARIZATION VECTOR (P)
Now obviously σ > σ0 and let additional surface density of charge due to interposition
of dielectric is σ1 so that

Consider now a gas with N atoms per m 3 , subjected to electric field ( neglect
interaction between dipoles in atoms)
P = N *α*E
Polarization vector (P) can be given by:

Note: that (Nα/Ɛ0) is called Electric susceptibility ( χe )

Therefore, Ɛr = 1+ χe

P = Ɛ0 * E * χe Remember
The conductivity σ in
conductors!
Rember
Assessment
 Choose the correct answer:

1. The conductor with the highest conductivity is (Aluminum – Cadmium – Copper – Steel)

2. Aluminum has an edge over copper as a conductor because of its (cost – conductivity- tensile strength –weight)

3. For a solar cable the most suitable cable class is (class 1- class 2 – class 5 – class 6)

4. Aluminum weight is (one-third – quarter – half – same as ) the weight of copper.

5. A composite conductor from aluminum that can withstand corrosion is ( AAC- AAAC- ACSR – Galvanized Steel)

6. A conductor that can be used for long-distance transmission is ( AAC- AAAC- ACSR – Galvanized Steel)

7. A conductor that can be used for power transmission in rural areas is ( AAC- AAAC- ACSR – Galvanized Steel)

8. Cadmium Copper conductor is used for ( short distance – long distance – large cross-section area – small cross-
section area)

9. An example of superconductors is ( AAC – Niobium – Galvanizes steel – barium)


Assessment
 Compare copper conductors and aluminum conductors based on the following:

a) Conductivity.

b) Tensile strength

c) Current density

d) Cost

e) weight
 identify the features of AAAC, ACSR, and Cadmium copper.
Any Questions

17

You might also like