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ch 5 Parallel dc Circuits

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nbylzan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electrical Circuit Analysis I

Chapter 5

Parallel dc Circuits
Introduction
There are two network
configurations – series and
parallel.
In Chapter 4 we covered a series
network. In this chapter we will
cover the parallel circuit and all
the methods and laws associated
with it.
Parallel Resistors
Two elements, branches, or circuits are in parallel if
they have two points in common as in the figure
below

Insert Fig 6.2


Parallel Resistors
 For resistors in parallel, the total
resistance is determined from

 Note that the equation is for the


reciprocal of RT rather than for RT.
 Once the right side of the equation has
been determined, it is necessary to
divide the result into 1 to determine the
total resistance
Parallel Resistors

 For parallel elements, the total


conductance is the sum of the
individual conductance values.
GT G1  G2  G3  ...  GN

As the number of resistors in parallel


increases, the input current level will
increase for the same applied voltage.
 This is the opposite effect of increasing
the number of resistors in a series circuit.
Parallel Resistors

The total resistance of any number of


parallel resistors can be determined using

1
RT 
1 1 1 1
   ... 
R1 R2 R3 RN
The total resistance of parallel resistors is
always less than the value of the smallest
resistor.
Parallel Resistors
For equal resistors in parallel:

Where N = the number of parallel resistors.


Parallel Resistors
 A special case: The total
resistance of two resistors is the
product of the two divided by
their sum.

The equation was developed to


reduce the effects of the inverse
relationship when determining RT
Parallel Resistors
 Parallel resistors can be
interchanged without changing
the total resistance or input
current.
 For parallel resistors, the total
resistance will always decrease
as additional parallel elements
are added.
Parallel Circuits
Voltage is always the same across
parallel elements.

V =V =E
1 2

The voltage across resistor 1 equals the


voltage across resistor 2, and both equal
the voltage supplies by the source.
Parallel Circuits

 For single-source parallel networks,


the source current (I ) is equal to the
s

sum of the individual branch


currents.
Is I1  I 2
 For a parallel circuit, source current equals the sum
of the branch currents. For a series circuit, the
applied voltage equals the sum of the voltage drops.
Parallel Circuits

 For parallel circuits, the greatest


current will exist in the branch
with the lowest resistance.
E E
Is I1  I 2  
R1 R2
Power Distribution in a Parallel
Circuit
 For any resistive circuit, the
power applied by the battery will
equal that dissipated by the
resistive elements.
PE PR1  PR2  PR3  ...  PRN
 The power relationship for parallel resistive
circuits is identical to that for series resistive
circuits.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law provides an important


relationship among voltage levels around any
closed loop of a network.
 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that
the algebraic sum of the currents entering
and leaving an area, system, or junction is
zero.
 The sum of the current entering an area,
system or junction must equal the sum of the
 in 
 system,
current leaving the Iarea, Iout
or junction.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 Most common application of the law will
be at the junction of two or more paths
of current.
 Determining whether a current is
entering or leaving a junction is
sometimes the most difficult task.
If the current arrow points toward the
junction, the current is entering the junction.
 If the current arrow points away from the
junction, the current is leaving the junction.
Current Divider Rule
 The current divider rule (CDR) is used
to find the current through a resistor in a
parallel circuit.
General points:
 For two parallel elements of equal value, the
current will divide equally.
 For parallel elements with different values, the
smaller the resistance, the greater the share of
input current.
 For parallel elements of different values, the
current will split with a ratio equal to the
inverse of their resistor values.
Current Divider Rule
RT
I x  IT
Rx
Voltage Sources in Parallel

 Voltage sources are placed in parallel


only if they have the same voltage
rating.
 The purpose for placing two or more
batteries in parallel is to increase the
current rating.
E1  E 2 the total
 The formula Itodetermine
current is: Rint  Rint
1 2


Voltage Sources in Parallel
 Two batteries of different
terminal voltages placed in
parallel
 When two batteries of different
terminal voltages are placed in
parallel, the larger battery tries to
drop rapidly to the lower supply
 The result is the larger battery
quickly discharges to the lower
voltage battery, causing the damage
to both batteries
Open and Short Circuits
 An open circuit can have a potential
difference (voltage) across its terminal,
but the current is always zero amperes.
Open and Short Circuits
 A short circuit can carry a current of a level
determined by the external circuit, but the potential
difference (voltage) across its terminals is always
zero volts.

Insert Fig 6.44

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