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8 views

Ped Presentation

Uploaded by

13,Manoj Negi 12 B
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PED PRESENTATION

Presented By :
Kishan Kumar (23147)
Manoj Singh Negi (23153)
External Pressure Vessel
An external pressure vessel refers to a container or vessel
designed to withstand external pressures rather than
internal pressures. During external pressure failure the
vessel can no longer support its shape and suddenly,
irreversibly takes on a new lower volume shape

Applications of external pressure vessels:


o Deep-Sea Applications
o Vacuum Chambers
o Space Applications
Vacuum failure of a barometric condenser (vacuum
vessel) after the internal support rings failed. The
volume of the vessel decreases.
Types of Failure
1.Elastic Failure ( Geometry ) : Elastic failure occurs when the
material of the external pressure vessel undergoes
deformation occurs.

2.Plastic Failure ( Material ) : Plastic failure occurs when the


material undergoes permanent deformation (plastic
deformation) as a result of external pressure. Elastic Failure

3.Out of Roundness : Out-of-roundness failure in external


pressure vessels refers to the deformation or distortion of the
vessel’s shape, typically from a circular or spherical form to an
elliptical or irregular shape under external pressure.

Plastic Failure
Stability of External Pressure Vessel
ASME type pressure vessels use code
rules to calculate the safe external
pressure load. The stability of a straight
shell under external pressure depends on
four variables:
• Diameter (the larger the diameter, the
less stable) External pressure generated from an internal vacuum
• Length (the longer, the less stable)
• Thickness (the thinner, the less stable)
• Material properties – A lower yield point
is less stable from plastic collapse and a
lower modulus of elasticity is less stable
from elastic collapse.
Critical Length
Critical length refers to the length of the
vessel (or a section of the vessel)
beyond which the vessel becomes more
susceptible to buckling or collapse
under the influence of external
pressure.

Where,

Do : Outer Diameter
t : Thickness
Formula for out of roundness

Where, Where,

U : % age of out of roundness a : Depth of dent


D max : Diameter at maximum deformation Do : Outer Diameter
D min : Diameter at minimum deformation
Elastic Failure

Where ,

P : Safe External Pressure


K & m : constants depending on Do/L ratio
E : Modulus of elasticity
t : Thickness of shell
Do : Outer diameter of the shell
Plastic Failure

Where,

f : allowable stress
Do : Outer Diameter
t : Thickness
U : Out of roundness
Stiffeners
Stiffening rings, or stiffener rings, are
elements placed outside or inside a
shell to make a vessel more resistant to
external pressure.

Role of Stiffeners :

1. Preventing Buckling and Collapse stiffeners


2. Increasing Structural Stability
3. Distributing External Loads
4. Increasing the Critical Pressure Limit
5. Improving Strength Without Increasing Weight
6. Control of Local Deformations (e.g., Out-of-Roundness)
Types of Stiffeners

1. Ring (Circumferential) Stiffeners : Placed around 2. Longitudinal Stiffeners : Run along the length of
the circumference of cylindrical vessels . These the vessel . Used to prevent axial buckling in long
rings prevent circumferential buckling and provide vessels, like pipelines.
radial reinforcement.
Stiffeners Formula Length of the Vessel

Length of vessel = Length of shell + height of hat / 3


Where,

Do : Outer Diameter Where,


L : Distance between stiffeners
As : Cross sectional Area of one circumferential stiffeners Ri : Internal Radius
f : Allowable stress hi : height of hat
t : Thickness
E : Modulus of Elasticity
I : Required moment of inertia of structure
Case Study : Ocean Gate’s Titan

The Ocean Gate Titan


submersible tragedy, which
occurred in June 2023, involved
the catastrophic implosion of the
Titan, a submersible designed to
carry passengers on deep-sea
missions to the wreck of the
Titanic.
Overview of The Titan
Name : Titan

Manufacturer : Ocean Gate, Inc.

Purpose : Exploration of the Titanic wreck site at depths of


around 3,800 meters (12,500 feet).

Design : Cylindrical with hemispherical end caps, mainly


made from carbon fiber composite and titanium.

Capacity : 5 passengers (1 pilot, 4 passengers).

Materials : The hull was primarily constructed using a


carbon fiber composite cylinder with titanium end caps .
Carbon fiber was chosen for its lightweight and high
strength-to-weight ratio, allowing greater depths with less
weight compared to traditional metal alloys like
steel or aluminum.

Hull Thickness : 5 inches (about 12.7 cm)


Titan’s Failure :

o Implosion Due to Structural Failure (Critical Failure


Mode) : Failure of the pressure vessel as it
descended towards the wreck of the Titanic at a
depth of around 12,500 feet (about 3,800 meters).
At these depths, the pressure is immense, about
400 times greater than at the surface.

o Use of Carbon Fiber and Titanium in the Hull :


Carbon fiber composites are known for their high Fragments of titan
strength-to-weight ratio, but they can be
vulnerable to fatigue failure over time, particularly
when subjected to repeated pressure cycles.
Material Choice and Design Challenges

Carbon Fiber Hull : Unlike metals, carbon fiber composites are known for excellent tensile strength but can be
more susceptible to fatigue under repeated stress cycles, especially in extreme deep-sea environments where
pressure fluctuations are substantial.

Fatigue and Micro-Cracks : Experts suggested that the sub's composite hull might have developed micro-cracks
over multiple dives, eventually leading to a sudden collapse under immense external pressure.

Stiffeners and Structural Integrity : The design did not include the traditional use of stiffeners that would be
found in metal-hulled submersibles. This might have reduced the vessel's ability to withstand buckling under
deep-sea pressures.
THANK YOU !

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