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Sampling Techniques And

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7 views

Sampling Techniques And

Uploaded by

animesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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METHODOLOGY WRITING AND

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

PROF. DR. MD. SHAWKAT HOSSAIN


Prof & Head,
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Chittagong Medical College.
METHODOLOGY
WRITING
METHODOLOGY
Methodology section describes how your research was
conducted.

This information allows readers to cheque whether your


approach is accurate and dependable.

A good methodology can help increase the readers trust in


your findings.
Research Onion: A model of designing
research methodology.
Research Methodology
 Assures that the hypothesis will be proved or disproved using the right tools.

This section has 4 purposes:


 To mention details about the study design.
 To describe the study subjects.
 To describe the measurements tools.
 To clarify data analysis plan.
Methodology should include

1. Research design 6. Data collection


2. Research method 7. Data analysis
3. Reason for selecting a specific 8. Research limitations
methodology 9. Validity and Reliability
4. Research instruments 10. Ethical considerations
5. Sampling
METHODOLOGY SECTION
SHOULD ANSWER

• Why will data be admissible?


• Why is your choice of measuring instrument is appropriate ?
• How will you measure the validity of your measuring
instrument?
• How will test reliability of your methods?
Discuss the procedures clearly and
completely considering
 Operational definitions
 Study design-Should be appropriate for objectives of the study.
 Study Population / Sampling specifications(selection / randomization /
blinding)
 Sample size needed (with 20% dropouts).
 Definition of variables.
 Description of methodology – Grouping of study subjects, Blinding
procedures, Controls (if any), Procedure of data collection, data
collection tools, Specific procedures (interventions). Instruments used.
Contd--

 Validity and reliability of research tools.


 Consistency checking , Verification procedure for source data.
 Follow-up details with Time-line.
 Ethical aspects– Informed written consent ,data safety /
confidentiality, facility to manage adverse effects .
 Analysis plan depending on types of variables.
 Statistical tests implicated.
 Level of significance used. Power of study. Statistical software used.
SUMMARY
(WRITING TECHNIQUES)

• Use a descriptive writing approach. Write for the reader.


• Explain what research methods you use with reference and Why did you choose it/
Justify?
• Is the methodology appropriate to your field and objectives of the study?
• Why and How did you choice the targeted population /sample?
• If a survey questionnaire is being used explain validity and reliability of the instrument
and pretest it.
• Discuss confounding and means for controlling bias.
• Show how will you select and analyse data and how will you document it.
• Say what you expect to find.
• Ensure replicability.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Process of selecting sample from the population.

Need representative sample.

On the basis of sample study we can predict and generalize


the beheaviour of mass phenomena.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Characteristics of a Good Sample:

1. Should be true representative of the population .


2. The population is known as aggregate of certain
properties and sample is called sub-aggregate of it.
3. Free from bias.
4. Objective one.
5. Maintain accuracy .
6. Comprehensive in nature.
7. Has the practicability for research.
SAMPLING DESIGN PROCESS
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Systemic random sampling
Selection of a sample (n) of 20 people from a population (N) of
60 people. Here, sampling interval = 3 (N÷n).

1 10 19 28 37 46 55
Select a number from
2 11 20 29 38 47 56 1-3 by SRS. Say it is 2
3 12 21 30 39 48 57

4 13 22 31 40 49 58
5 14 23 32 41 50 59
6 15 24 33 42 51 60 Start with # 2 & take
every 3rd unit
7 16 25 34 43 52
8 17 26 35 44 53
9 18 27 36 45 54
Contd…
Stratified random sampling
Population = 300, sample = 30, sampling fraction = 10%.

Strata Strata size Selection

1 (rich) 50 5
2 (middle class) 120 12
3 (poor) 70 7
4 (ultra poor) 60 6

Contd…
Cluster sampling
Sampling of garments workers of Dhaka
City.

• Here each garments factory is a cluster. Say there are 1,000


garments factory.

• SF of all 1,000 garments factory constructed.

• Some garments factory selected by SRS or SY RS.

• Workers of selected factories are enrolled for study.

Contd…
Multistage sampling
Sampling of under-5 yr children of Bangladesh.
Stage Sampling unit (SU)
First Division
Second District
Third Upazilla
Fourth Union
Fifth Ward
Sixth Village

Contd…
Multi-phase sampling
Prevalence of pulmonary TB in a small city of 01 lac population.

Clinical features : Phase-1 : 40,000 selected

ESR : Phase-2 : 15,000 selected

X-ray chest : Phase-3 : 10,000 selected

Sputum for AFB : Phase-4 : 8,000 selected

Sputum PCR : Phase-5 : 5,000 selected


SNOW BALL SAMPLING
THANK YOU

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