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UFMFFK-15-2 Flight - Aircraft Modes

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15 views40 pages

UFMFFK-15-2 Flight - Aircraft Modes

Uploaded by

Minduli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Presentation by

Sean Tuling
Flight Dynamics
(UFMFH7-15-3 &
Ph.D

Senior
Lecturer in
Aerospace
Engineering
UFMFCH-15-3) :
Modes of Motion

Sep-Dec 2018
Agenda
• Solutions to the small disturbance equations of motion
• Time to half/double amplitude
• Routh’s criteria
• Longitudinal characteristic equations
• Lateral characteristic equations
• Approximate modes
Learning Outcomes
• Recognise
o Solutions to the small disturbance equations of motion
o Time to half/double amplitude
o Routh’s criteria
o Longitudinal characteristic equations
o Lateral characteristic equations
o Approximate modes
Small Disturbance Equation
Solutions
• The small disturbance equations are ordinary linear
differential equations with constant coefficients
• The analytical solution to an ODE is exponential in form
• For a variable, say angle of attack

• where are the characteristic roots or eigenvalues of the


system, which may be real or complex

• Complex roots always appear in pairs or


• Since

• where and
• and are always real numbers, while and are conjugate
complex numbers

• Four kinds of solutions exist depending on whether the


roots are real or complex
• These solutions or motions or each real or conjugate
complex pair are known as natural modes
• Real modes may be
divergent or convergent
(subsidence)
• Complex modes are
oscillatory and may be
damped (convergent) or
unstable (the oscillations
may grow i.e. divergent)
• For systems that have no real roots, the stability may be
simply determined by simply looking at the sign of i.e.
the real part of

• The parameters of interest are


o Period
o Time to double or time to half
o Number of cycles to double or halve the amplitude
Time to Half/Double
Amplitude
• We note that

• Therefore for real roots i.e.

• For complex roots or


Revision : Solutions to Second
Order System
• The equations of motion for a free vibrating mass spring
damper system is

• This can rewritten as

• where

• Without derivation the solution to the system is


• Therefore

• And

• Therefore

• The solution to this is

• So
• If the solution is complex, so

• And

• Using Euler’s formula

• Or

• Using
• Finally

• If

• then
Longitudinal Characteristic
Equations
• The non-dimensional equations of motion (stick-fixed)
are listed as follows:-
• These equations have solutions of the form

• The degenerate case of can be ignored


• Substitution results in
• The solution to these equations is relatively
straightforward because they are homogeneous
algebraic equations with unknowns in , and
• These unknowns are non-zero if and only if the
determinant of the coefficients is zero. Setting this equal
to zero yields the stability determinant of
• Expansion of the determinant yields a quartic equation of

• where
Lateral Characteristic
Equations
• The non-dimensional equations of motion (stick-fixed)
are listed as follows:-

• where
• The stability determinant is
• Expansion of the determinant yields a quartic equation of

• where
Approximate Equations and
Modes : Longitudinal
• We remember that the phugoid is essentially an
exchange of kinetic and potential energy where the
angle of attack remains constant i.e. , while for the short
period motion the change in forward velocity is
essentially zero i.e.
• If we remove these variables we can reduce the
equations for the phugoid to
• And the characteristic equations becomes

• The familiar form of a second order system is

• So that
• And

• If we assume and to be negligible, which it often is


• For the short period mode the equations are

• The solution to this second order system is


• If we assume and to be negligible, which it often is
Approximate Equations and
Modes : Lateral
• The approximate rolling mode is obtained by neglecting
the and terms
• We obtain

• Or

• Being a simple first order system the characteristic root


is

• which is real and therefore non-oscillatory


• The dutch roll mode is obtained by setting (or ) and
neglecting the side-force equation
• The equations of motion are
• The resulting characteristics equation is a cubic

• where

• All that remains is to solve the cubic and obtain the


eigenvalues
General Solution to the Cubic
Equation
• For the cubic equation of form

• the discriminant is

• If
o then there are three (3) distinct real roots
o then there is a multiple root, and all roots are real
o then there is one real root and two complex conjugate roots
• We first define
• The solutions, where , are then

• (depending on the solutions of


Longitudinal Example
• The characteristic equations for the phugoid is

• Since

• then
• Inputs

Parameter Value
49.28
0.25
0
0
-0.0376
0.0105
Lateral Oscillations Example
• The characteristics equation cubic for lateral oscillations
is

• where
• Inputs
Parameter Value
-0.168 0.0385
0 -0.017
0.192 -0.1173
-0.047 3.69
-0.43 9.22
0.0702 -0.39
0.0737
• First mode is real (roll damping), so

• Or
• Other two modes are oscillatory – Dutch roll
• Frequency

• Damping ratio

• So

• The eigenvalues can also be calculated using the Matlab


function roots
Stability Criteria – Routh’s
Criteria
• Consider a system which has a characteristic equation of

• How do we know if the system has no unstable modes


i.e. are there any positive real roots?
• We can always make positive by changing all the signs,
so the requirement of is not restrictive
• The necessary and sufficient condition is that that a
series of test functions shall be positive
• Without deriving the conditions we can state that for a
cubic of

• where
• The necessary and sufficient conditions are:-

o It follows that
• For a quartic

• where
• The necessary and sufficient conditions are:-

o It follows that
• is known as Routh’s discriminant

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