Network

• A Network is interconnection of two or more computers together in order to

share files and communicate
• When the computers connected in a network communicate with each other
it is called as networking.
• An internetwork is a connection of two or more networks together to share
the resources.
• Internetworking means communication between different networks.
Different types of network

• LAN
Local Area Networks are used to connect networking devices that are in a
very close geographic area such as a floor of a building, a building itself or
within a campus.
• MAN
Metropolitan Area Network are used to connect networking devices that
may span around the entire city.
• WAN
Wide Area Networks which connects two or more LANs present at different
geographical locations.
LAN

KPHB
KPHB

HUB
HUB LAN
LAN
MAN

KPHB
KPHB Ameerpet
Ameerpet

LAN
LAN LAN
LAN
HUB
HUB SWITCH
SWITCH
MAN
MAN
WAN

www.netrich.in
www.netrich.in
KPHB
KPHB US,
US, Kansas
Kansas city
city
Hyd,
Hyd, INDIA
INDIA

Router
Router
HUB
HUB SWITCH
SWITCH

WAN
WAN

LAN
LAN LAN
LAN
Basic requirements to form a network

• NIC
• Media
• Networking devices
• Topology
• IP address
• Protocols
NIC(Network Interface Card)

• NIC is a computer hardware component designed to allow computers to

communicate over a network.
• It is both an OSI layer 1 and layer 2 device as it provides physical access to
the networking medium and low level addressing system via MAC address.
• It is nowadays also called as Ethernet card cause of the popularity of
Ethernet standard in LAN communication.
• Every Ethernet card has a unique 48 bit MAC address .
• Network cards are typically available in 10/100/1000 Mbits/sec varieties.
Media

• The purpose of the media is to transport bits from one machine to another.

Media

Guided Unguided
Media

• Guided media
Waves are guided along the solid medium.
E.g. UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair), Coaxial cable and fiber optics

• Unguided media
Unguided media is data signals that flow through the air . They are not
guided or bounded to a channel to flow.
E.g. RF waves , Infrared waves etc
Media

Co-axial cable

UTP Cable

Fiber optic
Networking devices

The various types of networking devices are:

• Repeater
• Hub
• Bridge
• Switch
• Router
Hub / Repeater

• Functions at the Physical layer (Layer 1).

• It is not an Intelligent Device.
• It works with bits.
• Uses broadcast for communication.
• Bandwidth is shared.
• Half-duplex communication.
• It creates 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain.
Functions of HUB
Functions of HUB

Data
S

D
Functions of HUB

Data

D
Functions of HUB

Data

Data
S
Functions of HUB

Data

S
Broadcast & Collision Domain

• Broadcast Domain: A group of network devices in which if one device sends

a broadcast the remaining devices will receive it.

• Collision Domain: A group of network devices in which if two or more

devices are sending data at the same time and the data can collide.
Switch

• Switches function at Data-link layer (Layer 2).

• It is an Intelligent device.

• It maintains MAC address table (hardware address).

• Each port of the switch has fixed bandwidth.

• It works with Flooding and Unicast.

• It has 1 Broadcast domain and Number of Collision domains depends

upon the number of active ports.

Functions of a Switch

• MAC Address Learning

• Forwarding
Functions of Switch

1
2 8
3 7
4 5 6
 Functions of Switch

MAC ADDRESS TABLE

Source MAC PORT MAC-ADDRESS
001C.C01A.0002
001C.C01A.0002
1 Data
DATA
Destination MAC 8
2
1
001C.C01A.0004
3 7
4 5 6
001C.C01A.0004 2 001C-C01A-0002
3
Source MAC
001C.C01A.0002
S Data DATA 4
Destination MAC
001C.C01A.0004
001C-C01A-0002
5
6
D 7
001C-C01A-0004 8
 Functions of Switch

MAC ADDRESS TABLE

PORT MAC-ADDRESS
1
2 8 Fa0/1
3 7
4 5 6 Fa0/2 001C-C01A-0002
Fa0/3
D Fa0/4 001C-C01A-0004
001C-C01A-0002
Fa0/5
Fa0/6
S Data
Fa0/7
001C-C01A-0004 Fa0/8
Difference between Bridge and Switch

Bridge Switch

• Bridges are software based • Switches are hardware

based
• Bridges have less number • Switches have more ports
of ports
• Generally used for • Generally used for
connecting two different connecting single topology
topology (Segment) (Segment)
Router

• It is a Network layer device (Layer 3)

• It is an Intelligent device
• It works with Logical Addressing (i.e. IP, IPX, AppleTalk)
• It works with Fixed bandwidth
• Number of Broadcast domains depends upon the number of active
ports and Number of Collision domains depends upon the number of
active ports.
Interconnecting Network Devices

PC HUB Bridge Switch Router

PC Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable

HUB Straight Cross Cable Straight Cross Straight

Bridge Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable

Switch Straight Cross Straight Cross Cable Straight

Router Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable Straight Cross Cable

Topology

Topology is a physical layout of the systems connected in a network.

Different types of topology are:
• Bus
• Ring
• Mesh
• Star
• Hybrid
Bus topology

• In bus topology all devices are connected to a single cable or backbone.

• It supports half duplex communication.
• A line breakup at any point along the trunk would result in total network
failure.
Ring topology

• In ring topology all devices exactly connect to the other two devices ,
forming a single continuous path.
• Ring networks may be disrupted by a failure of a single link or device.
Mesh topology

• A mesh network is a network in which all the devices are connected with
each other via a dedicated link.
• A mesh network is a self healing network .
• The only disadvantage is the physical cabling required and the NIC card’s on
each device.
Star topology

• One of the most common topologies used now a days.

• It consist of one centralized device which can be either a switch or a hub.
• The devices connect to the various ports on the centralized devices.
• Scalable

HUB/Switch
HUB/Switch
Hybrid topology

• In hybrid topology two or more topologies are connected together to form a

complete network.
• For example a hybrid topology could be combination of bus and a star
topology.

Bus
Bus
Star
Star Star
Star