FPE 613 Cold Storage Engineering

V.Chandrasekar
[email protected]
Estimation of Cooling load
 Calculation of capacity of the refrigerator

 Safety factor is 10 to 30%

 0.284345 Ton-hour

 Cooling Capacity/day
 1 tonne of refrigeration is equal to 3.5 kw
 Tonne of refrigeration=
 Calculation of capacity of the Refrigeration
 Heat load of the product

 Heat load of the product due to respiration

 Q = kWh/day
 CP = Specific Heat Capacity of product (kJ/kg.°C)
 m = the mass of new products each day (kg)
 Temp enter = the entering temperature of the products (°C)
 Temp store = the temperature within the store (°C)
 resp = the respiration heat of the product (1.9kJ/kg)
 3600 = convert from kJ to kWh.
 Cont…
 Heat load from transmission load

 Q = kWh/day
 U = U value of insulation (W/m2.K)
 A = surface area of walls roof and floor (we will  Heat load from people working in the cold

calculate this) (m2) room

 Temp in = The air temperature inside the room (°C)

 Temp out = The ambient external air temperature (°C)  Q = kWh/day
 24 = Hours in a day  people = how many people inside, nos
 1000 = conversion from Watts to kW.  time = length of time they spend inside each day
per person (Hours)
 heat = heat loss per person per hour (Watts)
 1,000 just converts the watts into kW
 Cont…

 Heat load from the lighting in the cold room

 Heat load from fans in the cold room

 Q = kWh/day,
 lamps = number of lamps within the cold room
 time = hours of use per day  Q = kWh/day
 wattage = power rating of the lamps  fans = the number of fans
 1000 = converts the Watts to kW.  time = fan daily run hours (hours)
 wattage = the rated power of the fan motors
(Watts)
 1000 = convert from watts to kw.
 Cont..
 Heat load from the defrost cycles in the cold
 Infiltration load is due to the opening of doors of the cold
room
storage.

 Q = kWh/day,  Where,
 power = power rating of the heating element (kW)
 Q = kWh/d
 time = defrost run time (Hours)
 Z is the daily number of times the air exchange,
 cycles = how many times per day will the defrost
 changes = number of volume changes per day
cycle occur
 V is the volume of the cold storage,m3;
 efficiency = what % of the heat will be transferred
 CP is the specific heat of humid air, kJ/kg. K;
into the space.
 TOut is the outside temperature, K;

 Ts is the storage temperature

•3600 is just to convert from kJ to kWh.
 Example:
• There are 4,000kg of new apples arriving each day at a temperature of 5°C and a specific heat capacity of
3.65kJ/kg.°C.
• Results
• Transmission load:
• Product load:
• Internal load:
• Equipment load:
• Infiltration load:
• Total =
• Safety measure
• Refrigeration cooling capacity
• Tonne of refrigeratrion
 Calculation of capacity of the refrigerator
 Heat load of the product
 Q = m x Cp x (Temp enter – Temp store) / 3600
Q = 4,000kg x 3.65kJ/kg.°C x (5°C – 1°C) / 3600 x 24.
Q = 16kWh/day
 Heat load of the product due to respiration
 Q = m x resp / 3600
Q = 20,000kg x 1.9kJ/kg / 3600
Q = 10.5kWh/day
 Cont…
 Heat load from transmission load
 Transmission load
 The dimensions of our cold store are 6m long, 5m wide and 4m high.
 The ambient air is 30°c at 50% RH, The internal air is 1°C at 95% RH
 The walls, roof and floor are all insulated with 80mm polyurethane with a U value of 0.28W/m 2.K
 The ground temperature is 10°C.
 Just to note the manufacturer should tell you what the u value is for the insulation panels, otherwise calcaute
from the formula

 Walls and roof

 Q = U x A x (Temp out – Temp in) x 24 ÷ 1000
 Q = 0.28W/m2.K x 113m2 x (30°C – 1°C) x 24 ÷ 1000
 Q = 22 kWh/day
 [113m2 = 24m2 + 24m2 + 20m2 + 20m2 + 30m2 + 30m2 ]
 Floor
 Q = U x A x (Temp out – Temp in) x 24 ÷ 1000
 Q = 0.28W/m2.K x 30m2 x (10°C – 1°C) x 24 ÷ 1000
 Q = 1.8 kWh/day
 Total daily transmission heat gain = 22kWh/day + 1.8kWh/day = 23.8kWh/day
 Cont…
 Heat load from people working in the cold room
 Q = people x time x heat / 1000
 Q = 2 x 4 hours x 270 Watts / 1000
 Q = 2.16 kWh/day
 Heat load from the lighting in the cold room
 Q= lamps x time x wattage / 1000
Q= 3 x 4 hours x 100W / 1000
Q= 1.2kWh/day
 Heat load from fans in the cold room
 Q = fans x time x wattage / 1000
 Q = 3 x 14 hours x 200W / 1000
 Q = 8.4kWh/day
 Cont..
 Heat load from the defrost cycles in the cold room
 Q = power x time x cycles x efficiency
Q = 1.2kW x 0.5hours x 3 x 0.3
Q = 0.54kWh/day

 Infiltration load is due to the opening of doors of the cold storage.

 Q = changes x volume x energy x (Temp out – Temp in ) / 3600
 Q = 5 x 120m3 x 2kJ/°C x (30°C – 1°C ) / 3600
 Q = 9.67 kWh/day
 Example:
• Results
• Transmission load: 23.8kWh/day
• Product load: 26.5 kWh/day
• Internal load: 3.36kWh/day
• Equipment load: 8.94 kWh/day
• Infiltration load: 9.67 kWh/day
• Total = 72.27 kWh/day
• Safety measure
• Its typical to add 10 to 30 percent onto the calculation to cover this, I’ve gone with 20% in this example so well just
multiply the cooling load by a safety factor of 1.2 to give us our total cooling load of 86.7 kWh/day
• Refrigeration cooling capacity
• Estimating the unit to run 14 hours per day which is fairly typical for this size and type of store. Therefore our total
cooling load of 86.7kWh/day divided by 14 hours means our refrigeration unit needs to have a capacity of 6.2kW to
sufficiently meet this cooling load.
• Tonne of refrigeration
• TR=6.2/3.5=1.8 tr