BTP(MID SEM

REVIEW)
Simulating Fluid Flow
Mechanism

Under the Supervision

of
Dr. Arghya Choudhury
Vishesh Sahu
2101PH32
 FLUID
FluidMECHANICS
mechanics is the branch of physics
concerned with the behavior of fluids (liquids
and gases) and the forces acting on them.
It explores how fluids move (fluid flow) and how
they interact with their surroundings.
Key Concepts:
• Viscosity: A measure of a fluid’s
resistance to deformation or
flow.
• It indicates how much a fluid
resists sliding between its layers
when subjected to a force."
Laminar Flow:
• Laminar flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers
with no disruption between them."
• "It is characterized by smooth, orderly movement
where the velocity at any point in the fluid remains
constant over time."

Img src: www.google.com

velocity constant at all

points
Turbulent Flow:
• Turbulent flow is chaotic and occurs when the fluid velocity is high
or when the fluid has low viscosity (e.g., air or water)."
• "It is characterized by eddies, swirls, and fluctuations in velocity and
pressure
 Importance of measuring the flow of
Application
fluid?
s:
• For optimizing performance, efficiency, and emissions
• Can lead to better designs and improved fuel efficiency.

Key Areas:
• Fuel Injection
Systems
• Engine Cooling
System
• Oil Circulation
 Bio Medical
Application
• In devices like blood pumps and dialysis
machines.
• Advanced medical imaging techniques, such as
ultrasound and MRI.
• Diagnoses of conditions like blockages in blood
vessels or abnormalities in organ function.
Applications: Water Fall

• Hydro-electric power
Knowing theplants:
flow of water, helps
make sure the turbines work
efficiently, leads to efficient
generation of electricity.

• Helps in flood
management.
 Navier-Stokes
Equations
• The Navier-Stokes equations are fundamental in fluid mechanics and
describe the motion of viscous fluid substances (liquids and
gases). These equations govern how fluids flow under the influence of
various forces.

• Continuity Equation (Conservation of

Mass)
This equation ensures that the mass of the fluid
remains conserved as it flows.
For an incompressible fluid:

---> ∇⋅u=0
u=(u,v,w) represents the velocity vector of the
fluid.:
 • Momentum Equation (Conservation of
Momentum)
This is the primary form of the Navier-Stokes equations, representing the balance of
forces acting on a fluid element. For an incompressible Newtonian fluid:

• ρ: is the fluid density.

Viscous Term: Accounts for the
• u: is the velocity internal friction within the fluid
vector. Pressure Gradient Term: due to viscosity. It models the
Describes how pressure diffusion of momentum through
• p: is the pressure. differences drive the fluid motion. the fluid.
• μ: is the dynamic
viscosity of the fluid.
• f: represents any • ρ(∂u/∂t​) : local acceleration
external body forces • u⋅∇u: convective
acceleration..
(e.g., gravity)
• These equations are essential for predicting fluid behavior in
engineering, environmental studies, and other fields.
Application Aerospace
s:
Proble Engineering
• When m:an aircraft flies, air flows over its wings, generating lift (the upward force that keeps the aircraft in
the air) and drag (the resistance that opposes the aircraft's motion).
• The design and shape of the wing, known as the airfoil, are critical for maximizing lift while minimizing drag
to improve efficiency and performance.
• We need to understand how different shapes affect airflow patterns, pressure distributions, and,
consequently, lift and drag forces.

The Navier-Stokes equations

describe the behavior of
viscous fluids, like air, under
the influence of forces. They
are essential for
understanding the flow
patterns around an aircraft
wing.
 Key aspects of naviers
equation
• Pressure Distribution: The Navier-Stokes equations help calculate the pressure field

PROJECT
around the wing. Lift is generated when the pressure is higher below the wing and lower
above it. The equations predict how this pressure difference forms, based on the
wing's shape and the flow conditions.
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• Velocity Field:
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• Boundary Layer Development: The boundary layer is a thin layer of air close to the
wing’s surface where the fluid velocity transitions from zero (due to no-slip condition) to the
free stream velocity. The Navier-Stokes equations help model the behavior of this layer and
how it influences drag and potential separation (stalling).
 Computational Fluid
Dynamics
• CFD is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis
and algorithms to solve and analyze problems involving
fluid flows.
• It involves creating simulations of fluid behavior using coding,
enabling us to visualize and predict how fluids (liquids and gases)
move in various scenarios.

• CFD allows us to simulate fluid

behavior without needing
physical prototypes or
experiments, which can be time-
consuming and expensive.
Discretization:
• CFD divides the flow domain around the wing into a grid or mesh of small control
volumes (cells).
• The behavior of the fluid in each cell is then computed based on the Navier-Stokes equations
and other fluid properties.
• The Navier-Stokes equations are then discretized using numerical methods like the FDM, Finite
Volume Method (FVM), which converts the partial differential equations into algebraic equations
that can be solved computationally.
 Finite Difference Method
(FDM)
• The Finite Difference Method is a numerical technique used to approximate derivatives in
differential equations by replacing them with difference equations.
• FDM is straightforward and works well on structured grids, making it suitable for simple domains like
squares or rectangles.

FDM approximates the derivative at specific points (nodes) in the domain using
differences between neighboring points.
 Solving the Navier-Stokes
Equation
For incompressible, viscous flow in two dimensions, the Navier-Stokes equations can be written
as
Continuity Equation:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 u and v are the velocity components

+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 in the x and y directions,
respectively.

MomentumEquations:

p is the pressure,
ν is the kinematic viscosity,
ρ is the density of the fluid.
 Discretization of the
Equations:
• Divide the domain into a uniform grid with grid
points separated by Δx in the x direction and
Δy in the y-direction.
• Let i and j be the indices for the x and y
directions, respectively
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
• In FVM, the domain is divided into small control volumes (CVs) instead of discrete points.
• The integral form of the Navier-Stokes equations is applied over each control volume, allowing us to calculate the
net flow of fluid properties (such as mass, momentum, and energy) across the boundaries of each volume
• The fluxes are calculated over the faces of these control volumes.

Rate of Change=Flux In−Flux

Out
So,what enters and leaves the
control volume is accurately
balanced, maintaining
conservation
FVM starts with the integral form of the Navier-Stokes
equations, which express conservation of mass and
momentum across the control volume

Continuity ❑
𝜕𝑓 ❑

equation: ∫ 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑉 + ∮ 𝜌 𝑢𝑑𝐴=0
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝐶𝑉

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
Momentum 𝜕𝜌𝑢
∫ 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑉 + ∮ 𝜌 𝑢 ( 𝑢𝑑𝐴 )=− ∮ 𝜌 𝑑𝐴+¿ ∮ 𝑢 ∇ 𝑢𝑑𝐴 ¿
Equation: 𝐶𝑉 𝜕 𝐶𝑉 𝜕 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉

Ceo Of Ingoude
Company
 Finite Difference Method Finite Volume Method (FVM):
(FDM):
• FDM approximates the derivative at specific points • FVM, on the other hand, integrates the equation
(nodes) in the domain using differences between over control volumes (CVs) rather than evaluating it
neighboring points. at discrete points.
• The central difference formula for the derivative at • Consider a control volume centered around node a
with a width of Δx.
point is:
• To find du/dx​, we integrate the differential equation
over the control volume:
𝒙 𝒊+ 𝟏/ 𝟐 𝒙 𝒊+𝟏 /𝟐
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙= ∫ 𝜹 ( 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙
i 𝒙 𝒊 −𝟏 /𝟐 𝒙 𝒊 −𝟏/ 𝟐
where S(x) is the source term.

Applying the divergence theorem, this becomes:

𝟏 𝟏
𝒖( 𝒙𝒊+ )− 𝒖( 𝒙𝒊− )
𝟐 𝟐
∆𝒙

The fluxes u(xi+1/2) and u(xi−1/2) represent the values of

u at the faces of the control volume.
Key Differences between FDM and
FVM
Conservation Principle:
• FVM is designed to conserve fluxes (e.g., mass, momentum) across control volumes,
ensuring that what goes in and out of each control volume is balanced.
• In contrast, FDM approximates values at points and may not explicitly enforce
conservation, making it less robust for complex or unstructured domains.

Flexibility in Grid
Shape:
• FVM works with irregular or unstructured grids, as it focuses on control volumes that
can take any shape (e.g., triangles, quadrilaterals).
• FDM, being point-based, typically requires a structured and uniform grid.
 Evaluation at Control Volume Faces:
• In FVM, values (e.g., velocity) are evaluated at the faces of control volumes,
and the fluxes are used to solve the equations.
• In FDM, values are evaluated directly at the nodes, and neighboring values are
used to approximate derivatives.
 Application:
Aerospace
SIMPLE Algorithm

After discretization:
• The equations are solved iteratively using algorithms like SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for
Pressure-Linked Equations) or SIMPLER (a refinement of SIMPLE).
• These algorithms ensure that pressure and velocity fields are consistently updated
until convergence is achieved.
• SIMPLE iteratively adjusts the pressure field and updates the velocity field to ensure that the
continuity and momentum equations are satisfied
Once the equations are solved, CFD simulations produce detailed data on pressure and
velocity fields around the wing.
 Way Forward
• Simulating the lid-driven cavity problem using various numerical
methods such as Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Volume Method
(FVM), and Finite Element Method (FEM).

• SIMPLE and SIMPLER Algorithms.To ensure that the pressure and velocity
fields are accurately coupled

• Simulating heat exchange in a heat exchanger system as in

HVAC Systems.
To simulate the flow of hot and cold fluids through a heat exchanger
(e.g., a shell-and-tube or plate heat exchanger) and analyze the heat
transfer rates, temperature distributions, and fluid velocity profiles.