EE-111: Linear Circuit Analysis

Basic Concepts

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 Signal Notations
• Instantaneous value
– Lowercase letters, uppercase subscripts (vAB, iAB)
• DC Signal
– Uppercase letters, uppercase subscripts (VAB, IAB)
• AC signal
– Lowercase letters, lowercase subscripts (vab, iab)
• Special signal values like peak, average,
maximum, rms etc
– Uppercase letters, lowercase subscripts (Vab, Iab)

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 Electrical Signals
Voltage and current serve as a vehicle for
conversion, transmission and utilization of energy
Electrical quantities (signals) are used as vehicles to
represent, transmit and store information

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 Electrical Signals
DC signals
 xs = X S
Time varying signals
 Step function
 xs = 0 for t < 0
 xs = Xm for t > 0
 Pulse
 d = TH / (TL + TH)

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 Periodic Signals
Signal that repeats itself every T seconds
Xs (t ± nT) = xs(t)
f= 1/T

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.

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 AC Signals
Alternating sinusoidally
 xs=
 Peak to peak value
 Root mean square value Xrms = Xm / √2
 Average value

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 Electric Circuits
Collection of circuit elements connected for a
specific goal
Circuit elements have prescribed relationship
between current and voltage at its terminals
Interconnection through wires
 All points on the wire are at the same potential
 All current entering one end of the wire exits at the
other end

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 Circuit Analysis & Synthesis
Analysis is finding specific voltages and currents in a
circuit once individual elements and their
interconnections are known
Synthesis is to choose a set of elements and devise
their interconnections to achieve specific voltages
and currents

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 Basic Laws
Element laws relate terminal voltages and currents
of individual elements regardless of their
interconnections
Connection laws (Kirchhoff's laws) relate voltages
and currents shared at the interconnections
regardless of type of elements

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 Branches
Circuit is a network with each element as a branch
Each branch has its branch current & branch
voltage
Label voltages and currents with correct polarities
and directions

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Branches

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 Nodes
Leads of two or more elements join together to
form a node
All leads converging on a node have same potential

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Nodes

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Series / Parallel Connectivity
Two or more elements are in series if they are
cascaded or connected sequentially and
consequently carry the same current
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

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How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

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 How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

Five branches and three nodes. The 1Ω and 2Ω resistors are in

parallel. The 4 Ω resistor and 10V source are also in parallel
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How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

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 How many branches and nodes does the circuit
has? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.

Four branches and three nodes. 5 Ω resistor is in series with

the 10V voltage source. The 6- resistor is in parallel with the 2A
current source

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 Reference Node
Potential difference only has significance in a circuit
Refer potential of all nodes to a common node
called reference or datum
Bottom node is the most likely choice
It is most convenient to designate the node having
largest number of connections

Slide 24
Branch voltages vs Node voltages

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Reference Node

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Reference Node

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Reference Node

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 Loops and Meshes
Loop is a closed path such that no node is traversed
more than once
Mesh is a loop that contains no other loop

Slide 29
Loops

Slide 30
 Overview of Kirchhoff’s Laws
Establish relationship between branch currents
associated with a node and branch voltages
associated with a loop
These laws stem from charge conservation and
energy conservation principles respectively

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 KCL
At any instant sum of all currents entering a node
must equal sum of all currents leaving that node

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Boundaries

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KCL - Example

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 KVL
At any instant sum of all voltage rises along a loop
must equal sum of all voltage drops around that
loop

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for

any closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

Slide 39
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

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KVL - Example

17

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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Example – Applying the Basic Laws

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 Power Conservation
At any instant sum of all absorbed powers must
equal all released powers in a circuit

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 Circuit Elements
Distinguishing feature is i-v relationship, also called
element law

Where i is the dependent variable and v is

independent variable or effect and cause
Slope of i-v curve is always reciprocal of some
resistance called dynamic resistance

Slide 49
 Circuit Elements

V-I characteristic
 Test current

 Slope varies from point to

point
 Nonlinear curve

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 Straight Line Characteristics
Straight line has i-v as linearly proportional, will
have constant dynamic resistance throughout

For straight line through origin

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 Sources
Voltage sources maintains a prescribed voltage
across its terminals regardless of the current
through it v = vs

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 Sources
Current sources maintains a prescribed current
regardless of voltage across its terminals i = is

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 Sources
Dependent sources have its value controlled by
voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit

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Dependent
Sources

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 Interconnection of Sources
Voltage sources are connected in series
 vs = vs1 + vs2
 Never in parallel, violates KVL
Current sources are connected in parallel
 is = is1 + is2
 Never in series, violates KCL

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Ideal Current Sources: Series

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