Unit-1

Microprocessor and Microcontroller

 Contents
• Microprocessor Architecture
• CISC architecture
• RISC Architecture
• 8085 Architecture
• 8086 Architecture
• Main features
• Pin diagram
• Internal Architecture
• Bus Interfacing unit
• 8086 system timing
• Mode Configuration
Definition Of Microprocessor
System Bus
Control Bus
Computer Architecture

• Von Neumann architecture

• Harvard architecture
Von Neumann architecture

• where program data and instruction data are stored in the same
memory.
 Advantages of Von Neumann Architecture

• Simplicity:The fact that all data and instructions are

stored in a single memory
• Cost-Effective: smaller number of components is
needed
• Flexibility:A program can Always be changed or
altered
 Disadvantages of Von Neumann Architecture

• Bottleneck Issues: The shared bus can be a

problem because the data and control instructions
cannot be obtained simultaneously and therefore it
becomes slow.
• Memory Corruption: data and instructions reside
in the same memory, then there is a temptation of one
erasing the other thereby producing system faults.
Harvard
Architecture

separate storage
and separate buses
(signal path) for
instruction and
data.
 Advantages of Harvard Architecture

• Faster Processing: avoids a problem of contention

where only one bus is used and this enhances the
velocity of the system.
• Improved Security:memory corruption is at least cut
in half since data is not stored in the same locations
as instructions.
• Efficient Use of Resources:this help in optimal
utilization of the buses and other resources.
 Disadvantages of Harvard Architecture

• Complexity:implementation of this type are

more intricate
• Higher Cost:Their implementation costs are
comparatively high
• Less Flexibility Competitors :Changing or
even improving the system can also be
complex.
8085 microprocessor architecture
 8085 features

• 8085 is an 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor.

• accumulator
• general purpose registers
• program counter
• stack pointer
• instruction register
• flags register
• data bus
• address bus
• control bus
 Accumulator
• Accumulator is used to perform I/O,
arithmetic, and logical operations.
• It is connected to ALU and the internal data
bus
 General purpose registers

• 8-bit registers are B,C,D,E,H,L.

• These registers work as 16-bit registers when
they work in pairs like B-C, D-E, and H-L
• W and Z are reserved registers. can’t be used
in arithmetic operations.
 Program Counter

• Program Counter holds the address value of

the memory to the next instruction that is to be
executed.
• It is a 16-bit register.
 Stack Pointer

• In stack, the content of the register is stored

that is later used in the program.
• It is a 16-bit special register.
• This pointer is very useful in stack-related
operations like PUSH, POP, and nested CALL
requests initiated by Microprocessor.
 Temporary & Flag registers
• It is an 8-bit register that holds data values
during arithmetic and logical operations.
• The flags register is an 8-bit register that
contains status flags that indicate the result of
an arithmetic or logical operation. These flags
include the carry flag, zero flag, sign flag, and
parity flag.
 Uses of 8085 microprocessor
• The 8085 microprocessor is commonly used in
embedded systems, such as industrial control
systems, automotive electronics, and medical
equipment.
• The 8085 microprocessor has been used in a variety
of computer peripherals, such as printers, scanners,
and disk drives.
• The 8085 microprocessor is used in various home
appliances, such as washing machines,
refrigerators, and microwave ovens
 Instruction register and decoder:

• It is an 8-bit register that holds the instruction

code that is being decoded. The instruction is
fetched from the memory.
 Timing and control unit:

• The timing and control unit comes under the

CPU section, and it controls the flow of data
from the CPU to other devices.
• It is also used to control the operations
performed by the microprocessor and the
devices connected to it.
• There are certain timing and control signals
like Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET
signals and Status signals.
 Interrupt control

• There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085

microprocessors: INTR, TRAP, RST 7.5, RST
6.5, and RST 5.5.
• Whenever a microprocessor is executing the
main program and if suddenly an interrupt
occurs, the microprocessor shifts the control
from the main program to process the incoming
request. After the request is completed, the
control goes back to the main program.
 Address bus and data bus

• The data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is

to be stored. The address bus is unidirectional and
carries the location where data is to be stored.
• The address bus and data bus are two separate buses that
are used for communication between the microprocessor
and external devices.
• The Data bus is used to transfer data between the
microprocessor and external devices such as memory and
I/O devices.
• The data bus is an 8-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to transfer
8-bit data at a time.
 Serial Input/output control:

• Serial Input/Output control in the 8085

microprocessor refers to the communication of
data between the microprocessor and external
devices in a serial manner, i.e., one bit at a
time.
The flow of an Instruction Cycle in 8085 Architecture

• Execution starts with Program Counter.

• Multiplexed address/data bus.
• After data fetching data will go into the Instruction Register it will
store data fetched from memory and now data is ready for decoding
so for this Instruction decoder register is used.
• control signals all over the microprocessor to tell the microprocessor
whether the given instruction is for READ/WRITE and whether it is
for MEMORY/I-O Device activity.
• according to timing and control signal pins, operations are performed
And according to operations Flag register changes dynamically.
• With the help of Serial I/O data pin(SID or SOD Pins) we can send or
receive input/output to external devices
8085 pin diagram