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ARCH213-Lecture 7.1 - Shading and Light Colors

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ARCH213-Lecture 7.1 - Shading and Light Colors

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lam981136
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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College of Engineering & Architecture

ARCH213
Introduction to Environmental Control

Lecture 7.1
Shading and Light Colors
Shading

Shading is one of the most important


sustainability strategies because almost all
buildings in the world overheat in the
summer and the usual response is to get
energy-guzzling air conditioners.
Which window orientations need the most
shading in the summer?

• All orientations except


south receive maximum
solar radiation in
summer.
• A skylight receives
about four times the
solar heating that south
windows receive on
June 21.

Lechner,2015 (P234)
The Solar Load

The total solar load consists of


three components of radiation:

• Direct
• Diffuse
• Reflected

Lechner,2015 (P235)
The Solar Load

In humid, polluted, and dusty regions, the In dry regions, the solar load consists mainly of the
diffuse-sky component is a large part of the direct and reflected components. However,
total solar load. reflective glazing can be a problem in all climates.

Lechner,2015 (P235)
The Solar Load
• There are cases where the
north facade of a building
experiences the solar load
of a south orientation
because a large building
with reflective glazing was
built toward the north.
• The bright spots on the
north side of this building
are a result of reflections
from the building on the
left.

Lechner,2015 (P236)
Controlling Solar Load

Direct Reflected Diffuse

Effectively Best controlled by It is a harder problem


controlled by reducing the because radiation comes
exterior shading reflectivity of the from a large exposure angle.
devices. offending surfaces, It is controlled by extra-
and this is often large shading devices,
accomplished by the additional indoor shading
use of plants. devices, or shading within
the glazing.

Lechner,2015 (P235)
Shading Systems

Shading can be accomplished by:

• Exterior devices (fixed/ Movable),


• Glazing,
• Indoor shading devices (movable).

Lechner,2015 (P236)
Shading Systems

• Indoor shading devices block about


20 percent of the solar gain through
clear windows.

• Exterior shading blocks about 80


percent.

• Low solar gain glazing blocks


almost as much solar gain as
exterior shading, but, unfortunately,
also blocks much of the winter sun
and light from the view.

Lechner,2015 (P236)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

• The goal of a shading design is not just to keep the sun


out but also to allow as much view as possible.

• Fixed shading devices are often used because of their


simplicity, low cost, and low maintenance.

• Each orientation requires a different shading strategy.


Fixed Exterior Shading Devices
• South facing windows:

A horizontal overhang is very


effective during the summer
because the sun is high in the
sky.

Many small elements can create the same shading effect as one
large device. However, the view is best with the large overhang.

Lechner,2015 (P238)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

East/ West facing windows:

• The best solution is to avoid


using east and especially west
windows as much as possible.
• The next best solution is to
have the windows on the east
and west facades face north or
south, as shown in the plans.

Lechner,2015 (P237)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

East/ West facing windows:

The windows on the west


facade of this building at
Georgia Tech all face north.
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

East/ West facing windows:

• If the previous solutions are not


possible, then minimize the
window height and use horizontal
overhangs.
• Vertical shading devices are
preferred but they will restrict the
views.

Lechner,2015 (P238)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

East/ West facing windows:

• Shading and views are improved


when a combination of vertical
and horizontal elements is used.

Lechner,2015 (P238)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices
North- Facing Windows

• In very hot climates, north


windows also need to be
shaded because during the
summer the sun rises north of
east and sets north of west.
• The horizontal overhang is
not effective, and small
vertical fins work best on the
north façade.

Lechner,2015 (P236)
Fixed Exterior Shading Devices

• Skylights should usually be avoided because


they collect the most sunlight in the summer
and the least in the winter.

• Clerestory windows should be used instead of


skylights because they allow the sun to enter in
a controlled manner, and south facing
clerestories collect more sun in the winter than
the summer.

Lechner,2015 (P239)
Effectiveness of Fixed Shading

• Fixed shading devices are limited in their


effectiveness. They are appropriate only for climates
and building types where solar heating is not
required.

• Fixed overhangs perform poorly because they


respond to the solar year rather than the thermal
year and these two are out of phase.
Effectiveness of Fixed
Shading
• The earth heats up slowly in spring and
does not reach its maximum summer
temperature until one or two months after
the day of maximum heating, the summer
solstice (June 21).
• Similarly in the winter, there is a one- to
two-month time lag in the cooling of the
earth. The minimum heating effect from
the sun comes on December 21, while the
coldest days are in January or February.
• The period of solar exposure to the
window is not a function of
temperature but rather of sun position.
Effectiveness of Fixed
Shading

The poor performance of a fixed


overhang is explained in this example.
The overhang shown here was designed
where shading is needed through
September 21 and where it is cold
through March 21.
Note how much of the window is in
shade during the coldest months of
January and February, preventing
effective passive solar heating of the
building.

Lechner,2015 (P240)
Questions?

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