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Instrumentation Presentation

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6 views

Instrumentation Presentation

Uploaded by

frankkojo539
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrumentation and process

control

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Table of content
 Liquid expansion sensors

 vapour pressure sensors

 Applications of liquid and vapour pressure sensors

 Principles of liquid expansion and vapour pressure


sensors
 Module for liquid expansion
 Module for vapour pressure
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LIQUID EXPANSION SENSOR

 It is temperature measuring device whose


operation is based on thermal expansion
of a liquid.
 The sensor consists of a bulb, stem, and
indicator (often a Bourdon tube).

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VAPOUR PRESSURE THERMOMETER

 Theseare similar to liquid filled thermometers, but


contain only partially filled bulbs.
 Vapour pressure thermometer have range of 20°C to
350°C.
 The saturated vapour pressure of volatile liquid is used
as a measure of temperature.

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APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID AND VAPOUR PRESSURE SENSORS

 Oil and Gas Industry

 Food and Beverage Sector

 Pharmaceutical Applications

 Water Treatment Plants

 Industrial Automation

 Environmental Monitoring

 Microfluidic Systems

 Health Monitoring and Wearable Devices

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WORKING PRINCIPLES OF A LIQUID EXPANSION SENSOR

 A bulb containing a liquid is immersed in the


environment.
 The bulb is connected by means of capillary tube to a
pressure measuring device, like a bourdon tube
pressure gauge.
 An increase in temperature causes the liquid to expand,
which causes increase in pressure on gauge.
 The liquid filled tube are also temperature sensitive so it
may cause error.
 Error can be reduced by increasing bulb size, but it may
increase the response time of system.
 The system with bulb, tube, and a pressure gauge can
be calibrated directly.
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WORKING PRINCIPLES OF VAPOUR PRESSURE SENSOR

 They use the principle that the vapour pressure of a liquid


depends on the temperature, and most fluids partially filled in
an enclosed chamber will create a definite vapour pressure.
 When the fluid reach the boiling point, the vapour pressure will
be equal to the total pressure above the liquid surface and can
be used as the measure of temperature.
 Further when the partially filled bulb senses the temperature
vapour will be formed in the remaining space of the bulb and
is passed through a capillary tube to the indicator with a
bourdon tube.

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MODULE BEHIND LIQUID EXPANSION

 Liquid expansion sensors, often used in thermometers, work


based on the principle of thermal expansion.
 Thermal expansion is a phenomenon where a material
expands or contracts in response to changes in temperature.
 The thermal expansion of a material can be calculated using
the following formulas:

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For linear expansion: • Lo is the original length

∆L = αLo∆ T • ∆T is the change in temperature

For volumetric expansion: • ∆V is the change in volume

∆V = βVo∆T • β is the coefficient of volumetric


expansion
Where:
• Vo is the original volume.
• ∆Lis the change in length

• α is the coefficient of linear expansion

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MODULE BEHIND VAPOUR SENSOR PRESSURE

Clausius-Clapeyron equation:

 This equation is used to calculate the vapor pressure at a


given temperature. The formula is as follows:
 In(P1/P2) = ( ∆Hvap /R)(1/T2-1/T1)
 Where:
 P1 and P2 are the vapor pressures at the temperatures T1
and T2, respectively.
 ∆Hvap is the enthalpy of vaporization of the liquid.R is the
real gas constant, which is 8.314 J/(K × Mol).
 T1 and T2 are the initial and final temperatures, respectively,
in Kelvin.

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