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Chapter Two Electr (1)

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Chapter Two Electr (1)

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tikifantahun
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter Two

Differential amplifier

A differential amplifier is a very important transistor stage and determines many


of the performance characteristics of an IC.
Differential amplifier is a two input terminal device using at least two transistors,
where the output signal is the difference of the two input signals.
 Configuration of DA

Fig. Basic configuration of a differential amplifier


 Input signal can be applied by two ways:
a) Single ended input arrangement

 Signal is applied to any one of the transistor and other input is grounded.
Cont…

b) Double-ended input arrangement

Signals are applied to both the inputs of DA

Figure (a) shows an input, Vd, applied between the two input terminals (recall that neither input is at ground), with
the resulting amplified output in phase with that applied between the plus and minus inputs, (b) shows the same
action resulting when two separate signals are applied to the inputs, the difference signal being Vi1 - Vi2.
Cont…

 Output signal can be taken from differential amplifier by two ways.


 Output signal is taken from any one of the output terminals and other output is grounded
(single ended output arrangement)
 Output signal is taken between two output terminals that is, between the collectors of Q 1 and

Q2 (double ended output arrangement)

Figure shows a single output measured


Figure shows a single-ended input with a double-ended output.
Cont…
There are two different modes of operation of the differential pair:
The differential pair with a common-mode input signal:

The differential pair with a differential (mode) input signal: The differential input voltage () is
defined as the difference between these two signals:

 The output voltage Vo is given by:

Where, is the gain with which differential amplifier amplifies the difference of two input signals.
2.2 Response for Differential Inputs and Common Mode Inputs

a) Differential Input : Differential inputs refer to the two input signals applied to the amplifier,
typically denoted as . There are two ways of configuration in differential pair
1 Single-Ended Differential Input
 When a differential amplifier is operated with this input configuration, one input is grounded
and the signal voltage is applied only to the other input, as shown in figure below.
Cont…
2) Double-Ended Differential Inputs
In this input configuration, two opposite-polarity (out-of-phase) signals are applied to the
inputs, as shown in figure below.
Differential response

Figure : Basic differential amplifier with applied differential mode


and (1)
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝐶 2 −𝑉 𝐶 1

When a differential signal is applied in to input terminals, the


current through will be unequal.
This will causes the d/ce in bases voltages of Q1 and Q2 , leading
Cont…
The d/ce in collector current will create a voltage difference across , this resulting in
differential output voltage ()

Hence, there exists a potential difference between the two collector terminals which is given as
follows:

, but if

(2)
This proves that a voltage difference is created between the two collector

terminals (VC2 and VC1) by applying a differential mode input voltages.


Cont…
b) Common-Mode Inputs
One of the most important aspects of the operation of a differential amplifier can be seen by
considering the common-mode condition where two signal voltages of the same phase,
frequency, and amplitude are applied to the two inputs, as shown in figure below.
The common mode voltage () is defined as the average of the two input voltages:
Common mode response

Figure : Basic diff-amp with applied common mode voltage

The voltage at the common emitters is given by KVL in one of the transistor
input circuit:
(3)
Cont…

If the transistors Q1 and Q2 are identical, the current IQ splits evenly between

the two transistors and is given by:

(4)
If base currents are negligible then, ≅ an 𝑑 ≅ Therefore, the collector
voltages are given by:

(5)

(6)
2.3 Small signal analysis
Small signal analysis in a differential amplifier is a crucial technique used to determine the

amplifier's behavior under small variations in input signals.

This analysis helps in understanding how the amplifier responds to small input changes, which

is essential for designing and optimizing electronic circuits.

The small signal model simplifies the analysis by linearizing the circuit around a bias point.

This involves replacing nonlinear components (like transistors) with their small signal

equivalents, which include parameters such as transconductance and output resistance.


cont..

Figure 2.5: Small signal model of two transistor pair


Take the requirement that the input signals do not affect the bias currents of

transistors Q1 and Q2 significantly.

 For differential operation VB1 and VB2 represent small changes in each input and

they should satisfy VB1 = - VB2.


Cont…
To analyses the small signal operation let us take KVL around the input network
and KCL at node E.
6)

Let and, Then equation (7) yields:

Since, equation (6) will become

This would result in:


=0
Thus, for small signal analysis of the circuit the emitter voltage remains constant if
the two inputs vary differentially and by a small amount.
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
It is defined as the ratio between the differential gain and the common mode gain,
indicates the ability of the amplifier to accurately cancel voltages that are common
to both inputs.

For an ideal diff-amp, Ac is zero and CMRR goes to infinite.

For the differential amplifier, the one sided differential and common mode gains
are given by:
a) Differential mode gain ()

and then,

= (8)
b) Common-mode gain()

- =0, this implies that =(


and
(9)
+2 (10)
where is called the trans-conductance gain.
Cont…
Methods of improving CMRR
Effect of REE

To improve the CMRR, the common mode gain Ac must be reduced.

and , =
The common mode gain, Ac approaches zero as REE tends to infinity.

This is because REE introduces a negative feedback in the common mode

operation which reduces the common mode gain A c, but the differential gain Ad is

independent of REE.
Applications of Differential Amplifiers

• Signal Conditioning: They are widely used in signal conditioning applications, where they
amplify weak signals from sensors while rejecting noise and interference.

• Instrumentation: Differential amplifiers are essential in instrumentation systems, such as


medical devices and measurement equipment, where accurate signal amplification is critical.

• Audio Processing: In audio applications, differential amplifiers help in reducing noise and
improving the quality of audio signals.

• Data Acquisition Systems: They are used in data acquisition systems to ensure that the
signals from various sensors are accurately captured and processed.

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