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11.7.Sampling ER200 2021

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16 views34 pages

11.7.Sampling ER200 2021

Uploaded by

alphatimothy83
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

TO SAMPLING

Department of Epidemiology/Biostatistics
School of Public Health and Social Sciences
Muhimbili University of Health Sciences and 1
Allied Sciences
Learning Objectives
• After successful completion of this session, you
should be able to:
• Distinguish a sample from a population
• Define the key terms used in sampling (representative
sample, generalize, study unit, sampling frame etc)
• Distinguish between probability and non-probability
sampling
• Explain the importance of random sampling
• Distinguish different probability sampling techniques
Introduction: Outline -Aspects
of Sampling

• Concepts
– Definitions
– Sampling methods

3
What is Sampling?

Sampling is the process of selecting


few elements from a larger defined
target group (Population) such that
the information gathered from the
small group will allow judgments to
be made about the larger groups
Population and Samples (1)
• Most investigations/researches involve
infinite (in size) groups (population)
• Except when a full census is taken, we
collect data on a sample selected from
the Population
• Statistics allows us to use the sample
statistics to make inferences about the
population from which it was derived.

5
Definitions (1)
•
•Target population
– The entire set of subjects we would like to say
something about
•Study population
– The population from which the sample is chosen
• Sample
– A subset of the study population
• Observation/study units
– We collect data on these units (objects or
people)
• Sampling unit
– Unit actually sampled (can be different from
observation unit)
– For example
• Households as sampling units (individuals as observation units)
• Health facilities as sampling units (health workers as
observation units) 6
•
Definitions (2)

•Sampling frame
– List of sampling units
– Examples
• Individuals
• Households
• Street addresses
• Villages
Sampling: A Pictorial View

Sampled
(Study)
Population Sample

Target Population

Target Population  Sampled Population  Sample 8


A Representative Sample

A representative sample has all the important

characteristics of the study population from

which it was drawn


Sampling Methods

Probability Nonprobability
sampling sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Non-probability samples

• May be more convenient and less


expensive to execute (sometimes this is
the only feasible option) – does not
require the identification of a sampling
frame
• May have strong bias
• The results cannot be generalized
• Requires judgment and caution when
interpreting the results 12
Non Probability Sampling techniques

• include:

1. Convinient Sampling
2. Quota sampling

13
Convinient sampling

Sampling is done Conveniently

 Selection of the most rapid available subjects

 Example, hospital patients, snowball, network

sampling eg Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)


Non Probability sampling
QUOTA SAMPLING
• Population is divided into important sub
groups in the population
• No. of subjects to be included from each
subgroup determined before
• Recruitment of subjects is done within
each subgroup conviniently until the
quota is reached
15
Probability samples
• Selection of units based on chance
• All individuals (elements) in the
population have a known probability
of being selected.
• A sampling frame, whether of
individual elements or clusters of
elements, from which the sample is to
be drawn should be available.
• Results over several repeated samples
will be similar.
• Statistical inferences can be drawn. 16
PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

• Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

• Systematic Random Sampling (SYRS)

• Stratified Random Sampling (STRS)

• Cluster Random Sampling (CLRS)

• Multi-stage (cluster) Sampling (MSS)


(1) SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING (SRS)

• Simplest of random sampling

• Basis of all other sampling methods

• ALL units have EQUAL chance of selection


(1) STEPS TOWARDS SRS

• Create a sampling frame

• Enumerating all members of a population

• Samples completely by random procedures

• Determine sample size

• Draw samples from population


Lottery

Table of random numbers ( Can now use random number


generator softwares) (e.g www.randomizer.org)
Lottery
• Units assigned identification

• Select units by lottery until required


sample size
• Select a sample of 50 students from the
class for consideration for a scholarship
using lottery method
Table of random numbers
• Serial identification NUMBERS of units

• Determine how many digits required

• Decide a ”pattern and path” to follow

• Pick randomly a starting point


Example:
• Select a sample of 100 under-fives
from a village with 500 under-fives
using Simple random Sampling
Practical issues about SRS

• No bias: no personal preferences

• No guarantee of representativeness

• Variations (errors) due to chance easily measured

• Very laborious (e.g. for scattered units)

• Sometimes not applicable (no sampling frame)


(2) SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING (SYS)

• Sample units obtained systematically

• Need to have a sampling frame (N)

• Determine sample size (n)

• Establish sampling interval k: (k=N/n)

• The first element between 1st and kth of N

• Subsequent elements, n(i)=n(t)+k


(3) STRATIFIED SAMPLING (STS)
• Population divided into subgroups based on desired
characteristics
• Example, occupation, religion, age, sex, Cadre of HCW

• Select a random from each stratum


Note:
• Similar to quota sampling
• Stratification done before
• Aim: to enhance representativeness
• Problem: attributes may not be available
for stratification
Advantages of STS

• Proportionate representation

• Representation of minority possible

• Increased precision (narrow CI)

• Logistically sound
Disadvantages of STS

• Prior knowledge of strata information

• Sampling frame for each stratum

• More expensive (compared to SRS)

• Analysis may be complex


(4) CLUSTER SAMPLING (CLS)

• Sometimes, not possible to obtain


listing
• Example, WRA, children under 5yrs
in Tanzania
• SRS, SYS or STS not possible

• Economical, practical & Ethical


(4) CLUSTER SAMPLING (CLS)

• Sampling unit = collection of units (cluster)

• Examples, schools, villages, wards, etc

• Sampling as SRS; cluster = a unit


(4) CLUSTER SAMPLING (CLS)

• “One-stage cluster sampling”: all elements in


a groups sampled
• “Two-stage cluster sampling”: elements
within selected group sampled
• Multi-stage cluster sampling
Stratified VS Cluster sampling

4
4

STS: Take a sample in each stratum CLS: Fully study all units in a selected
cluster
(5) MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING (MSS)

• Many stages of sampling

• A successive random sampling of units

• = Sampling at each stage

• Possibility of different techniques

• First-stage -> second stage -> third stage, etc

• Example ??
Exercise on Sampling
• The CHMT in district X is planning a study to
determine the proportion of children age
<15yrs who were immunized during the
National Measles/rubella campaign. What is:
A) The Target population
B) The study population
C) Describe how to select a sample using
Cluster random sampling or mulstistage
cluster sampling 34
Exercise on Sampling
• You are assigned a task to conduct a study to knowledge
of emergency contraception among undergraduate
students at MUHAS.
1. What is the target population
2. What is the study population
3. What sampling technique will be most appropriate?
4. Using the technique mentioned in (3) above, what is the
sampling frame?
5. What is the observation unit?
35

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