4.

Analysis and interpretation

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data to assess the knowledge
level of adolescent girls regarding prevention of Anemia.
Pilot and hunger (2010), describes analysis a process of organizing and synthesizing data as to
answer research questions and test hypothesis. The purpose of data analysis is to organize,
provide structure and elicit meaning from research data. Analysis is categorizing, ordering,
Manipulating, and summarizing of data to obtain answer to research question. Interpretation
refers to process of making sense of results and of implications of the findings with a broader
content. Analysis and interpretation of the data were based on objectives of the study and
hypothesis to be tested. The data was collected from the response of 70 adolescent girls
studying at Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School Soura through a self-structured questionnaire.
Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyses the data. All the data were
tabulated and summarized in master data sheets.

4.1 Objectives of the study:

1. To assess pre-test knowledge level regarding the prevention of anemia among adolescent
girls at Govt girls higher secondary school Soura .
2. To assess post-test knowledge level regarding the prevention of anemia among adolescent
girls at Govt girls higher secondary school Soura.
3. To evaluate the effectiveness of Structured teaching program me on knowledge regarding
prevention of anemia among adolescent girls by comparing pre-test and post-test knowledge
level at at Govt girls higher secondary school Soura.
4. To determine the association of pre-test knowledge level regarding prevention of anemia
among adolescent girls with their selected demographic variables like Age, Residence, Dietary
pattern, Type of Family, Educational status of Father, Education status of Mother, Occupation of
Father, Occupation of Mother, family income of parents, and Source of information.
4.2 Research hypothesis

H1: There is significance increase in mean post test knowledge level as compared to
mean pre test knowledge level regarding prevention of anemia among adolescent girls
at 0.05 level of significance.

H2: There is significant association of pre-test knowledge level regarding prevention of

anemia among adolescent girls with their selected demographic variables viz (Age,
Residence, Dietary pattern, Type of Family, Educational status of Father, Education
status of Mother, Occupation of Father, Occupation of Mother, Monthly income of
Parents, and Source of information at 0.05 level of significance.

The analysis and interpretation of data in this study is based on the data collected
through self structured questionnaire. The sample consisted of 70 adolescent girls of
Govt girls higher secondary school Soura.
The results were computed by using descriptive and inferential statistics based on
objectives and hypothesis of study.

Descriptive statistics:
Frequency and percentage was used to describe the sample characteristics.
Mean, median, standard deviation, maximum, minimum was used to assess the knowledge
level of study subjects.
Inferential statistics:
Chi -square test was used to determine the association of pre test knowledge of study subjects
with their demographic variables.
4.3 Organization and presentation of data:
The data and the findings where entered in a master data sheet followed by the
analysis and interpretation using descriptive and inferential statistics according to
the objective of the study. The data and findings were organised and presented
under following sections.
Section i:-

Deals with Description of demographic variables of study subjects that is Age,

Residence, Dietary pattern, Type of Family, Educational status of Father, Education
status of Mother, Occupation of Father, Occupation of Mother, Monthly income of
Parents, and Source of information.

Section ii:-

Deals with Description of knowledge level of study subjects regarding prevention of

anemia before and after implementation of structured teaching program me

Section iii:

Deals with Findings related to comparison between pre-test and post-test knowledge level of
study subjects regarding prevention of anemia.

Section iv:

deals with effectiveness of teaching program me on knowledge of study subjects regarding

prevention of anemia by comparing pre test and post test knowledge level.

Section v:

Deals with Association of pre-test knowledge level with selected demographic variables of
study subjects regarding prevention of anemia.

Section I
Description of demographic variables of study subjects:
Table 4.1 Frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to age. n=70

Age in Years Frequency Percentage

13-15 Years of Age 3 4.3

16-18 Years of Age 67 95.7

Total 70 100.0

Fig 2 Bar diagram showing the percentage distribution of study subjects

according to their age:

table 4.1 and figure 2 reveals' that most of study subjects 67(95.7%) were in the age
group of 16-18 years, while minimum 3(4.3%) were in the age group of 13-15 years.
Table 4.2 frequency and percentage distribution of study
according to Residence: n=70

Residence Frequency Percentage (%)

Rural 20 28.6%
Urban 50 71.4%
Total 70 100

Residences
80.00%
70.00% 71.40%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
PERCENTAGE (%)

□ Rural □ Urban

figure 3 bar diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects according to

their residence.

Table 4.2 and figure 3 reveals' that most of study subjects 50(71.4%) were from Urban
areas while 20(28.6%) were from Rural areas.
Table 4.3 Frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to dietary pattern. n=70
Dietary pattern Frequency Percentage%

Vegetarian 28 40%
Non vegetarian 42 60%
Total 70 100

Dietary pattern

■ Vegetarian

■ Non vegetarian

Fig 4
Fig 4 pie chart showing the
percentage distribution of study
subjects according to their
dietary
table 4.3 and fig 4 reveals' that most of pattern.
study subjects 42(60%) were have the non-
vegetarian dietary pattern while 28(40%) have the vegetarian dietary pattern
Table 4.4 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to type of family. n=70

Type of family Percentage% Frequency

Nuclear family 67.1% 47
Joint family 32.9% 23

Total 100 70

Type of family
70.00%
67.10%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00% PERCENTAGE%

□ Nuclear family
□Joint family

figure 5 pyramidal diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects

according to their type of family.

Table 4.4 and fig 5 reveals that most of study subjects 47(67.1%) have nuclear type
family while 23(32.9%) have joint type of family
Table 4.5 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to educational status of father.
n=70
Status Frequency Percent%
Illiterate 15 21.4%
Primary school 21 30.%
Secondary school 12 17.1%
Graduate 22 31.4%
Total 70 100%

EDUCATION STATUS OF FATHER

■ Illiterate

■ Primary school

■ Secondary school

■ Graduate

figure 6 pie diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects according to

educational status of father.

Table 4.5 and fig 6 reveals that most of study subjects 22(31.4%) have graduate
educational status of father 21(30.0%) have primary school educational status of father,
15(21.4%) were illiterate while 12(17.1%) have secondary school educational status of
father.
Table 4.6 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to education status of mother. n=70
Status Frequency Percent%
Illiterate 23 32.9%

Primary school 27 38.6%

Secondary school 11 15.7%
Graduate 9 12.9%
Total 70 100%

Education status of mother

■ Illiterate
■ Primary school
■ Secondary
school
■ Graduate

Fig 7

figure 7 pie diagram showing percentage

distribution of study subjects according to
educational status of mother.

Table 4.6 and fig 7 reveals that most of study subjects 27(38.6%) have primary school
educational status of mother 23(32.9%) have illiterate mothers, 11(17.1%) have
secondary school of education while 9(12.9%) have graduate educational status
mother.
Table 4.7 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to occupation of father. n=70

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Unemployed 7 10%
Skilled worker 19 27.1%
Businessman 34 48.6%
Professional 10 14.3%
Total 70 100%

OCCUPATION OF FATHER
50%
48.60%
40%
a>
tjyD ,
30%
14.30%
20%
10%

0%

PERCENTAGE
Axis Title

□ Unemployed □ Skilled worker □ Businessman □ Professional

figure 8 bar diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects according

to occupational status of father.

Table 4.7 and fig 8 reveals that most of the study subjects 34(48.6%)have businessman
occupation of their father 19(27.1%) have skilled worker occupation of father, 10(14.3%) have
professional occupation of father while 7(10%) were unemployed.
Table 4.8 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to occupation of mother. n=70

Occupation Frequency Percentage%

Home maker 63 90%
Skilled worker 2 2.9%
Business woman 1 1.4%
Professional 4 5.7%
Total 70 100%

OCCUPATION status OF MOTHER

90% 90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PERCENTAGE%

□ Home maker □ Skilled worker □ Business woman □ Professional

figure 9 bar diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects

according to occupational status of mother.

Table 4.8 and fig 9 reveals that most of study subjects 63(90%) have home maker as
occupation status of mothers 4(5.7%) have professional 2(2.9%) have skilled worker
while 1(1.4%) have businesswoman as occupational status of their mother.
Table 4.9 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to family income per month. n=70

Income Frequency Percentage%

<15000Rs 40 57.1%
15000-45000 17 24.3%
46000-90000 8 11.4%
>90000 5 7.1%
TOTAL 70 100%

MONTHLY INCOME OF FAMILY

■ <15000RS
15000-45000 RS
■ 46000-90000 RS
■ >90000 RS

figure 10 pie diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects

according to family income per month.

Table 4.9 and fig 4.9 reveals that most of study subjects 40(57.1%) had <15000 family
income 17(24.3%) had 15000-45000 ,8(11.4%) had 46000-90000 5 (7.1%) had >90000
as their family income per month.
Table 4.10 frequency and percentage distribution of study
subjects according to source of information. n=70

Frequency Percentage%

Source of information
Books 49 70%
Mass media 12 17.1%
Peer groups 5 7.1%
Others 4 5.1%
Total 70 100%

figure 11 bar diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects according

to source of information.
Table 4.10 and fig 4.10 reveals that most of study subjects 49(70%) had books as
source of information 12(17.1%) had mass media 5(7.1%) had peer group 4(5.1%) had
others as their source of information.
Section II
Description of knowledge level of study subjects before and after implementation of
structured teaching progrmme regarding prevention of anemia.

Table 4.11 Frequency and percentage distribution of study subject

according to pre-test and post-test knowledge level.

Knowledge Frequency Frequency

Percentage% ( pre- Percent
levels (pre-test) (post-test)
test) ge
%(post-
test)
Inadequate 24 34.3% 0 0%
45 64.3% 23 32.9%
Moderately
adequate
Adequate 1 1.4% 41 58.6%
Absent 0 0 6 8.5%
Total 70 100 70 100%
 pre test and post test
0.7 64.30%
58.60%
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
INADEQUATE MODERATELY ADEQUATE
ADEQUATE
□ percentage pre test □ Percentage %
(post test)

figure 12; Bar diagram showing percentage distribution of study subjects according to
pre-test and post-test knowledge level.

Table 4.11 and fig 12 reveals that in pretest 34% study subjects had inadequate
knowledge level, 64.3% had moderately adequate knowledge level, 1.40% had adequate
knowledge level.
While In post-test 32.90% had moderately adequate knowledge level and 58.6% had
adequate knowledge level, While none of the study subject had inadequate knowledge
level regarding prevention of anemia. (but In post-test 6 study subjects were absent).
Section iii
Comparison of overall mean of pre test and post test knowledge level of study
subjects regarding prevention of anemia.

Descriptive statistic of knowledge level of study subjects regarding prevention

of anemia. minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation and p value of pre test
and post test knowledge level of study subjects.

Table 4.12 mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test score of study
subjects regarding knowledge of prevention of anemia.

n=70
Knowledge N minimum maximum Mean p-
Standard
level m m value
d
deviation
n
Pre-test 70 31 17.94 0.506
06 6.26

Post -test 64 16 43 32.59 7.19 0.506

 Descriptive statistics
70
64
70

60

50 43

40 32.59

30

20 6.26 7.19
10

0 DEVIATION

N MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN STANDARD

□ pre-test □ post-test

Fig 13
Fig 13: bar diagram showing mean and standard
deviation of pre test and post test scores of study.

Table 4.12 and fig 13 reveals that minimum of post test knowledge level (16) was
greater than the minimum of pre test knowledge level (6) and maximum of post test
knowledge level was (43) was greater than the maximum of pre test (16). The overall
mean post test knowledge level 32.59 was greater than the mean pre test knowledge
level 17.94.
The standard deviation of pre test knowledge level 6.26 was lesser than standard
deviation of post test knowledge level 7.19
Section iv:
Effectiveness of teaching program on knowledge of study subjects regarding
prevention of anemia by comparing pre-test and post-test knowledge score.
This section describes the effectiveness of teaching program on study subjects by
comparing pre-test and post-test knowledge score.
In this section researcher formulate t Null hypothesis (H02) which is there is no
significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge of subjects.

TABLE 4.13
Type Percentage%
Pre-test 65.7%
Post -test 91.4%
Effectiveness 25.7%

Effectiveness
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
PRE-TEST POST -TEST EFFECTIVENESS

FIG 14
FIG.14 and table 4.13 reveals that the percentage of pre-test was 65.7% and
percentage of post-test was 91.4%, therefore level of effectiveness is
25.7%.,hence the researcher rejects null hypothesis H01 and accepts and the
research hypothesis H1 which states There is significance increase in mean post
test knowledge level as compared to mean pre test knowledge level regarding
prevention of anemia among adolescent girls at 0.05 level of significance.
 Section v:
Association of pre-test knowledge level of study subjects with their selected
demographic variables that is Age, Residence, Dietary pattern, Type of Family,
Educational status of Father, Education status of Mother, Occupation of Father,
Occupation of Mother, family income per month and Source of information.
To find out an association between pretest knowledge level WITH selected demographic
variables ,null hypothesis(H02) was formulated which states :
H02; there is no significant association between pretest knowledge level regarding
prevention of anemia among adolescents girls with their demographic variables at 0.05
level of significance
Table4. 14 reveals association of pretest knowledge level of study subjects with their
demographic variables.

P
VARIABLES KNOWLEDGE LEVEL df RESULT
VALUE

CHI-
SQU
ARE
Inadeq Adequ
uate Modera ate
tely
ate
adequat
e
Age in
10-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Years 13-15 2 1 0
16-18 22 44 1 1.470 .479 2
Residence Rural 10 10 0 Non
3.306 .192 2 Significant
Urban 14 35 1

Type of Nuclear 15 32 0 Non

Family Family 2.599 .273 2 Significant
Joint 9 13 1
Family
 Vegetarian 13 15 0
Dietary
pattern 3.507 .173 2
Non
Significant
Non¬ 11 30 1
Vegetarian
Education al
Illiterate 8 7 0 Non
status of Significant
Father Primary 6 15 0 9.518 .146 6
school
Secondary 5 6 1
school
Graduate 5 17 0
and above
Education al
Illiterate 11 12 0
status of Primary 6 21 0 SIGNIFICA
Mother school NT
Secondary 6 4 1 13.937 .030 6
school
Graduate 1 8 0
and above
Unemploye 3 4 0
Occupation n
d Non
of Father
ed Significant
Skilled 7 12 0 1.447 0.963 6
worker
Business 11 22 1
man
Profession 3 7 0
al
Home 22 40 1
Occupation n

of maker
 Mother 0 2 0 3.282 0.773 6
Skilled Non
worker Significant
Business 1 0 0
Women
Profession 1 3 0
al
Monthly <15000RS 15 25 0 Non
income of Significant
Parents 15000- 4 12 1 5.257 0.511
45000RS 6
46000- 4 4 0
90000RS
>90000RS 1 4 0
Source of
Books 19 29 1
Information Mass 2 10 0 Non
n Media 6.267 0.394 6 Significant
3
Peer 2 0
Group
Other 0 4 0

TABLE 4.13 shows that a significant association was found between the educational
status of mother (p <0.030) of study subjects with their pretest knowledge level while as
no association was found between the other variables of the study subjects like age ,
residence dietary pattern, type of family ,educational status of mother and father, family
income per month , source of information with p value 0,
0.479,0.192,0.273,0.173,0.146,0.030,0.963,0.773 respectively. Therefore research
hypothesis(h2) was partially accepted which states that H2: There is significant
association of pre test knowledge level regarding prevention of anemia among
adolescent girls of Govt higher secondary school soura, with their demographic variable,
that is Education status of Mother, at 0.05 level of significance. And researcher failed to
accept H2 for other variables like Age, Residence, Dietary pattern, Type of Family,
Educational status of Father,
Occupation of Father, Occupation of Mother, Monthly income of Parents, and Source of
information.so H2 was rejected and H02 was accepted which states that there is no
significant association of pre test knowledge level regarding prevention of anemia among
adolescent girls with their selected demographic variables that is Age, Residence, Dietary
pattern, Type of Family, Educational status of Father, , Occupation of Father, Occupation
of Mother, Monthly income of Parents, and Source of information, at p value <0.05 level
of significance