PYTHON

FUNDAMENTALS
Python
Character Set
Is a set of valid characters that python can
recognize. A character represent letters, digits
or any symbol. Python support UNICODE
encoding standard. Following are the Python
character
 Lett set : A-Z,
ers a-z
 Special symbols :space +-*/()~`!@#$
Digi : 0-9
%^
ts & [{
]};:‟”,<.>/?
 White spaces : Blank space,
Enter, Tab
 Other character : python can
process all ASCII and UNICODE as a part
of data or literal
TOKE
NS
In a passage of text, individual words and
punctuation marks are called tokens or
lexical units or lexical elements. The
smallest individual unit in a program is
known as Tokens. Python has following
tokens:

 Keywords
 Identifiers(Name)
 Literals
 Operators
 Punctuators
 KEYWOR
DS
Keywords are the reserved words and have
special meaning for python interpreter.
Every keyword is assigned specific work
and it can be used only for that purpose.
A partial list of keywords in Python is

VINOD KUMAR VERMA, PGT(CS), KV OEF

KANPUR &
SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS), KV NO.1
IDENTIFI
ERS
Are the names given to different parts of
program like variables, objects, classes, functions
etc.
Identifier forming rules of Python are :

 Is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits

 The first character must be letter or underscore
 Upper and lower case are different
 The digits 0-9 are allowed except for first character
 It must not be a keyword
 No special characters are allowed other than
underscore is allowed.
 Space not allowed
The following are some
valididentifiers
GradePa File_12_20 JAMES00
y 18 7
GRADEP _ismarried _to_upda
AY te

The following are some invalid

identifiers
Literals /
Values
 Literals are data items that have a
fixed value. Python supports several
kinds of literals:
 String Literal
 Numeric Literals

 Boolean Literals

 Special Literals – None

 Literal Collections
String
Literals
 It is a collection of character(s) enclosed in
a double or single quotes
 Examples of String literals
 “Python”
 “Mogambo”

□ „123456‟
 „Hello How are your‟

□ „$‟, „4‟,”@@”
 In Python both single character or multiple
characters enclosed in quotes such as
“kv”, „kv‟,‟*‟,”+” are treated as same
Non-Graphic (Escape)
characters
 They are the special characters which
cannot be type directly from keyboard
like backspace, tabs, enter etc. When
the characters are typed they perform
some action. These are represented by
escape characters. Escape characters
are always begins from backslash(\)
character.
List of Escape
characters
Escape What it does Escape What it does
Sequence Sequence
\\ Backslash \r Carriage return
‟\ Single quotes \t Horizontal tab
\” Double quotes \uxxxx Hexadeci
mal
value(16
bit)
\a ASCII bell \Uxxxx Hexadeci
mal
value(32
bit)
\b Back Space \v vertical tab
\n New line \ooo Octal value
String type in
Python
 Python allows you to have two string
types:
 Single Line Strings
 The string we create using single or double
quotes are normally single-line string i.e. they
must terminate in one line.
 For e.g if you type as
 Name="KV and press enter
 Python we show you an error “EOL while scanning
string literal”
 The reason is quite clear, Python by default
creates single-line string with both single
quotes and it must terminate in the same line
String type in
Python
 Multiline String
 Some times we need to store some text
across multiple lines. For that Python offers
multiline string.
 To store multiline string Python provides two

ways:
(a)By adding a backslash at the end of
normal Single / Double
quoted string. For e.g.
>>> Name="1/6 Mall
Road \ Kanpur"
>>> Name
'1/6 Mall
String type in
Python
 Multiline String
(b) By typing text in triple
quotation marks
for e.g.
>>> Address="""1/7
Preet Vihar New
Delhi
India"""
>>>
print(Address)
1/7 Preet Vihar
New Delhi
India
>>> Address
'1/7 Preet Vihar\
 Size of

String
Python determines the size of string as the count of
characters in the string. For example size of string “xyz”
is 3 and of “welcome” is 7. But if your string literal has
an escape sequence contained in it then make sure to count
the escape sequence as one character. For e.g.
String Size
„\\‟ 1
„abc‟ 3
„\ab‟ 2
“Meera\‟s Toy” 11
“Vicky‟s” 7
 You can check these size using len() function of
Python. For example
 >>>len(„abc‟) and press enter, it will show the
size as 3
 Size of

String
For multiline strings created with triple quotes : while
calculating size the EOL character as the end of
line is also counted in the size. For example, if you
have created String Address as:
>>>
Address="""Civil lines
Kanpur"""
>>> len(Address)
18
 For multiline string created with single/double
quotes the EOL is not counted.
>>>
data="ab\
bc\
cd"
>>>
Numeric
Literals
 The numeric literals in Python can
belong to any of the following
numerical types:
1)Integer Literals: it contain at least one
digit and must not contain decimal point. It
may contain (+) or (-) sign.
 Types of Integer Literals:

a) Decimal : 1234, -50, +100

b)Octal : it starts from symbol 0o (zero
followed by letter ‘o’)
 For e.g. 0o10 represent decimal 8
Numeric
Literals
>>> num = 0o10
>>> print(num)
It will print the value 8

c) Hexadecimal : it starts from 0x (zero

followed by letter ‘x’)
>>> num = 0oF
>>> print(num)
it will print the value 15
Numeric
Literals
 2) Floating point Literals: also known
as real literals. Real literals are numbers
having fractional parts. It is represented
in two forms Fractional Form or Exponent
Form
 Fractional Form: it is signed or unsigned with
decimal point
□ For e.g. 12.0, -15.86, 0.5, 10. (will represent 10.0)
 Exponent Part: it consists of two parts
“Mantissa” and “Exponent”.
□ For e.g. 10.5 can be represented as 0.105 x
102 = 0.105E02 where
0.105 is mantissa and 02 (after letter E) is
 Points to
remember
 Numeric values with commas are not considered int or float value,
rather Python treats them as tuple. Tuple in a python is a
collection of values or sequence of values. (will be discussed later
on)
 You can check the type of literal using type() function. For
e.g.
>>> a=100
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> b=10.5
>>> type(b)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="hello“
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
>>> a=100,50,600
<class
>>> type(a)
'tuple'>
Boolean
Literals
A Boolean literals in Python is used to represent
one of the two Boolean values i.e. True or
False
These are the only two values supported for
Boolean Literals For e.g.

>>> isMarried=True
>>> type(isMarried)
<class 'bool'>
Special Literals
None
Python has one special literal, which is None. It
indicate absence of value. In other languages it is
knows as NULL. It is also used to indicate the end
of lists in Python.

>>> salary=None
>>> type(salary)
<class 'NoneType'>
Complex
Numbers
Complex: Complex number in python is made up of two
floating point values, one each for real and imaginary part.
For accessing different parts of variable (object) x; we will
use x.real and x.image. Imaginary part of the number is
represented by “j” instead of “I”, so 1+0j denotes zero
imaginary.
part.
Example
>>> x = 1+0j
>>> print
x.real,x.imag 1.0
0.0
Example
>>> y = 9-5j
>>> print y.real,
 Conversion from one type to
another
 Python allows converting value of one data type to
another data type. If it is done by the programmer
then it will be known as type conversion or type
casting and if it is done by compiler automatically
then it will be known as implicit type conversion.
Example of Implicit type conversion
>>> x = 100
>>> type(x)
<type 'int'>
>>> y = 12.5
>>> type(y)
<type 'float'>
>>> x=y
>>> type(x)
<type 'float'> # Here x is automatically converted to
float
Conversion from one type to
another
Explicit type conversion
To perform explicit type conversion Python provide
functions like int(), float(), str(), bool()
>>> a=50.25
>>> b=int(a)
>>>
print b
50
Here
50.25 is
convert
ed to int
value 50
>>>a=2
 Simple Input and
Output
 In python we can take input from user using the
built-in function input().
 Syntax
variable = input(<message to display>)
Note: value taken by input() function will always be of
String type, so by
default you will not be able to perform any arithmetic
operation on variable.
>>> marks=input("Enter
your marks ") Enter your
marks 100
>>> type(marks)
<class 'str'>
Here you can see even we are entering value 100
Simple Input and
Output
>>> salary=input("Enter
your salary ") Enter your
salary 5000
>>> bonus =
salary*20/100
Traceback (most
recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line
1, in <module>
TypeError:
unsupported operand
type(s) for /: 'str' and
Reading / Input of
Numbers
 Now we are aware that input() function
value will always be of string type, but
what to do if we want number to be
entered. The solution to this problem
is to convert values of input() to
numeric type using int() or float()
function.
Possible chances of error
while taking input as
numbers
1.Entering float value while converting to
int
>>> num1=int(input("Enter marks
")) Enter marks 100.5
Traceback (most recent call last): File
"<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with
base 10: '100.5‘

2.Entering of values in words rather

than numeric
>>> age=int(input("What is your age "))
What is your age Eighteen
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
Possible chances of error
while taking input as
numbers
3. While input for float value must be compatible. For
e.g. Example 1
>>> percentage=float(input("Enter
percentage ")) Enter percentage 12.5.6
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float:
'12.5.6'

Example 2
>>> percentage=float(input("Enter
percentage ")) Enter percentage 100
percent
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float:
„100 percent'
Program
1
Open a new script file and type the
following code:

num1=int(input("Enter
Number 1 "))
num2=int(input("Enter
Number 2 ")) num3 =
num1 + num2
print("Result =",num3)
Let us write few
programs
 1. WAP to enter length and breadth and
calculate area of rectangle
 2. WAP to enter radius of circle and
calculate area of circle
 3. WAP to enter Name, marks of 5 subject
and calculate total & percentage of
student
 4WAP to enter distance in feet and
convert it into inches
 5WAP to enter value of temperature in
Fahrenheit and convert it into Celsius.
 6WAP to enter radius and height of
cylinder and calculate volume of
cylinder.
Operato
rs
 are symbol that perform specific
operation when applied on variables.
Take a look at the expression: (Operator)
10 + 25 (Operands)
Above statement is an expression
(combination of operator and
operands)
i.e. operator operates on operand. some
operator requires two operand and some
requires only one operand to operate
Types of
Operators
 Unary operators: are those operators
that require one operand to operate
upon. Following are some unary
operators:
Operator Purpose
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
~ Bitwise
complement
Not Logical negation
Types of
Operators
Binary Operators: are those that
operand to
operators require two upon.
operate Following are some Binary
operators:
1. Arithmetic
Operator Action
Operators + Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Remainder
** Exponent
// Floor division
Examp
le
>>> num1=20
>>> num2=7
>>> val = num1 %
num2
>>>
print(val) 6
>>> val =
2**4
>>>
print(val)
16
>>> val =
num1 /
num2
>>> print(val)
2.857142857142
857
 Bitwise
operator
Operat Purpose Action
or Bitwise operator
works on the
& Bitwise Return 1 if both binary value of
AND inputs are 1 number not on the
^ Bitwise Return 1, if actual value. For
XOR the example if 5 is
number of passed to these
1 in input operator it will work
on 101 not on 5.
is in odd
Binary of
| Bitwise OR Return 1 if 5 is 101, and return
any input the result in
is 1 decimal not in
binary.
 Examp
le Binary of 12 is 1100 and 7 is 0111, so
applying &
1100
0111
Guess the output
-------
with
0100 Which is equal to decimal value 4
| and ^ ?
Let us see one practical example, To check whether entered number is
divisible of 2 (or in
a power of 2 or not) like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and so on
To check this, no need of loop, simply find the bitwise & of n
and n-1, if the result is 0 it means it is in power of 2
otherwise not

Here we can Here we can

Later on by using „if‟ we see 16, it
see 0, it
can print means 32 is in means 24 is
meaningful message power of 2 not in power
of 2
 Operators Purpose
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

Identity
Operators
Operators Purpose
is Is the Identity same?
is not Is the identity not same?
Relational
Operators
Operators Purpose
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or Equal to
>= Greater than or Equal
to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
Logical
Operators
Operators Purpose
and Logical AND
or Logical OR
not Logical NOT
Assignment
Operators
Operators Purpose
= Assignment
/= Assign quotient
+= Assign sum
-= Assign difference
*= Assign product
**= Assign Exponent
//= Assign Floor division
Membership
Operators
Operators Purpose
in Whether
variable in
sequence
not in Whether variable
not in sequence
Punctuat
ors
 Punctuators are symbols that are used in
programming languages to organize
sentence structure, and indicate the
rhythm and emphasis of expressions,
statements, and program structure.
 Common punctuators are: „ “ # $ @ []
{}=:;(),.
 Barebones of Python
It means basic structure of a
Program


Python program
 Take a look of following code:
#This program shows a program‟s
component # Definition of function
SeeYou() follows Comme
def SeeYou(): nts
print(“This is my Functi
function”) on
#Main program
A=10
C=A+B Expressi
Stateme

B=A+20 Inline
if(C>=100) ons #checking
Comment
condition
print(“Value is equals or more
nts

than 100”)
else: print(“Value is less Blo
Indentat

than 100”) #Calling ck

SeeYou() Function
ion
Express
ion
 An expression is any legal combination of
symbols that represents a value. An
expression is generally a combination of
operators and operands
Example:
expression of
values only
20, 3.14
Expression that produce a value when
evaluated A+10
Salary * 10 / 100
Statem
ent
 It is a programming instruction that does
something i.e. some action takes place.
 Example

print(“Welcome to python”)
The above statement call print function
When an expression is evaluated a
statement is executed
i.e. some action takes place.
a=100
b = b + 20
Comme
nts
 Comments addition information
are al
is not executed
written by in a
program interpreter
ignored by Interpreter. i.e.
Comment
which
contains information regarding statements
used, program flow, etc.
 Comments in Python begins from #

 Python supports 3 ways to enter

comments:
1. Full line comment
2. Inline comment
3. Multiline comment
Comme
nts
Full line comment


Example:
#This is program of
volume of cylinder
 Inline comment

Example
area = # calculating area of
length*breadth rectangle
 Multiline

#comment
Program name:
Example 1
area of circle # Date:
(using #)
20/07/18
#Language : Python
Comme
nts
Multiline comment (using “ “ “)
triple quotes
Example
“““
Program :name
Dat : swapping of
20/07/18
two
e number
: by using third
”” Log variable
” ic
Functi
ons
Function is a block of code that has name
and can be reused by specifying its name in
the program where needed. It is created
with def keyword.
Example
def drawline():
print(“=================
=====“)
print(“Welcome to
Python”)
drawline()
print(“Designed by
Block and
Indentation
 Group of statement is known as block
like function, conditions or loop etc.
 For e.g.

def area():
a = 10
b=5
c=a*b
Indentation means extra space before writing
any statement. Generally four space
together marks the next indent level.
Variabl
es
 Variables are named temporary location
used to store values which can be further
used in calculations, printing result etc.
Every variable must have its own Identity,
type and value. Variable in python is created
by simply assigning value of desired type to
them.
 For e.g
 Num = 100
 Name=“James”
Variabl
es
 Note: Python variables are not storage
containers like other programming
language. Let us analyze by example.
 In C++, if we declare a variable radius:

radius = 100
[suppose memory
address is 41260] Now we
again assign new value to
radius
radius = 500
Variabl
es
Now let us take example of
 Python:
radius = 100 [memory address 3568]

radius = 700 [memory address 8546]

Now you can see that In python, each

time you assign new value to variable it
will not use the same memory address
and new memory will be assigned to
variable. In python the location they
refer to changes every time their value
change.(This rule is not for all types of
Lvalues and
Rvalues
Lvalue : expression that comes on the
Left hand Side of Assignment.
 Rvalue : expression that comes on the
Right hand Side of Assignment

Lvalue refers to object to which you can assign

value. It refers to memory location. It can
appear LHS or RHS of assignment

Rvalue refers to the value we

assign to any variable. It can appear on
RHS of assignment
Lvalues and
Rvalues
For example (valid use of Lvalue and Rvalue)
x = 100
y = 200

Invalid use of Lvalue and Rvalue

100 = x
200 = y
a+b = c

Note: values cannot comes to the left of

assignment. LHS must be a
memory location
 Multiple

Assignments
Python is very versatile with assignments. Let‟s see in how
different ways we can use assignment in Python:
1. Assigning same value to multiple variable
a = b = c = 50
2. Assigning multiple values to
multiple variable a,b,c = 11,22,33

Note: While assigning values through

multiple assignment, remember that
Python first evaluates the RHS and then assigns
them to LHS

Examples:
Multiple
Assignments
x,y,z = 10,20,30 #Statement 1
z,y,x = x+1,z+10,y-10 #Statement 2
print(x,y,z)
Output will be
10 40 11
Now guess the output of following
code fragment x,y = 7,9
y,z = x-2,
x+10
print(x,y,z)
Multiple
Assignments
Let us take another example

y, y = 10, 20

In above code first it will assign 10 to y and again

it assign 20 to y, so if you print the value of y it
will print 20

Now guess the output of following code

x, x = 100,200
y,y = x + 100, x +200
print(x,y)
Variable
definition
 Variable in python is create when you
assign value to it
i.e. a variable is not create in memory until
some value is assigned to it.
Let us take as example(if we execute the
following code) print(x)
Python will show an error „x‟ not defined
So to correct the above
code: x=0
print(x)
#now it will show
Dynamic
Typing
 In Python, a variable declared as numeric
type can be further used to store string type
or another.
 Dynamic typing means a variable pointing to
a value of certain type can be made to point
to value/object of different type.
 Letsx us understand#with
= 100 example
numeric
print(x) type
x=“KVia # now x point to
ns” string type
print(x)
 Dynamic
Typing

x=100 x int:
x=“KVi 100
ans” int:1
00
x
string:KVi
ans
Caution with Dynamic
Typing
Always ensure correct operation during
dynamic typing. If types are not used
correctly Python may raise an error.
Take an

example x =
100
y=0
y=x/2
print(y)

x='Exa
Determining type of
variable
Python provides type() function to
check the datatype of variables.
>>> salary=100
>>> type(salary)
<class 'int'>
>>> salary=2000.50
>>> type(salary)
<class 'float'>
>>> name="raka"
>>> type(name)
<class 'str'>
Output through
print()
 Python allows to display output using
print().
 Syntax:
print(message_to_print[,sep=“string”,
end=“string”])
Example 1
print(“Welco
me”)
Example 2
Age=20
print(“Your
Output through
print()
Example 3
r = int(input("Enter
Radius ")) print("Area of
circle is ",3.14*r*r)

Note: from the Example 2 and Example 3 we

can observe that while printing numeric
value print() convert it into equivalent string
and print it. In case of expression (Example
3) it first evaluate it and then convert the
result to string before printing.
Output through
print()
Note:
print() automatically insert space between
different values given in it. The default
argument of sep parameter of print() is
space(‘ ‘) .
Example
print(“Name is”,”Vicky”)
Output
Name is Vicky
Output through
print()
Note:
Python allows to change the
separator string.
Example
print(“Name
is”,”Vicky”,”Singh”,sep=“##”)
Output
Name is ##Vicky##Singh
Output through
print()
Note:
Be default each print statement
print the value to next
line. The default value of end is “\n”
Example
print(“Learning Python”)
print(“Developed by Guido Van
Rossum”) Output
Learning Python
Developed by Guido Van
Rossum
Output through
print()
Note:
We can change the value of end to any
other value.
Example
print(“Learning Python”,end=“
“) print(“Developed by Guido
Van Rossum”) Output
Learning Python Developed by
Guido Van Rossum
Output through
print()
Can you Guess the
output
Name=“James”
Salary=20000
Dept=“IT”
print(“Name is
“,Name,end=“@”)
print(Dept)
print(“Salary is “,Salary)
Just a
minute…
 What is the difference between
keywords and identifiers
 What are literals in Python? How

many types of literals in python?

 What will be the size of following

string
„\a‟ , “\a” , “Reena\‟s”, „\”‟, “It‟s”, “XY\
,““
“XY
YZ” YZ”””
 How many types of String in python?
 Just a
minute…
 What are the different ways to declare
multiline String?
 Identify the type of following literal:

41.678, 12345, True, „True‟, “False”, 0xCAFE,

0o456,0o971
 Difference between Expression and

Statement
 What is the error inn following python

program:
print(“Name is “, name)
Just a
minute…
 Which of the following string will be the
syntactically correct? State reason.
1. “Welcome to India”
2. „He announced “Start the match” very
loudly‟
3. “Sayonara‟
4. „Revise Python Chapter 1‟
5. “Bonjour
6. “Honesty is the „best‟ policy”
Just a
minute…
 The following code is not giving desired
output. We want to enter value as 100
and obtain output as 200.
Identify error and correct the program

num = input("enter
any number")
double_num = num * 2
Print("Double
of",num,"is",double_nu
m)
Just a
minute…
 Why the following code is
giving error?

Name="James"
Salary=200
00
Dept="IT"
print("Name is
",Name,end='@') print(Dept)
print("Salary is ",Salary)
 Just a
minute…
 WAP to obtain temperature in Celsius and
convert it into
Fahrenheit.
 What will be the output of following code:
x, y = 6,8
x,y = y, x+2
print(x,y)
 What will be the output of following code:
x,y = 7,2
x,y,x = x+4, y+6, x+100
print(x,y)