Measuring

Devices,
Specification
s and
Manufacture
 What are measuring
devices?
▪ Measuring instruments are tools or devices
used to quantify physical quantities, allowing
for the observation, assessment, or monitoring
of different parameters.
▪ These instruments convert physical quantities
(such as length, temperature, pressure, or
electrical signals) into a readable form that can
be used for analysis, control, or documentation

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 Measuring Devices
Pressure Gauge

Flow Meters

Temperature Sensors

Torque Meters

Strain gauges

Dynamometers

Load cells

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 CLEAR Gauge
Pressure
Pressure gauges measure the force exerted by a fluid
(liquid or gas) on a surface. Common types are:
• Bourdon Tube Gauge: Measures pressure from 0 to 15,000 psi
using a coiled tube that straightens under pressure. It's highly
accurate and used in industrial applications.
• Diaphragm Gauge: Sensitive to low pressures (up to 0.5 psi) and
used in environments with corrosive media.
• Capsule Gauge: Used for very low-pressure measurement (e.g., in
HVAC systems).
• McLeod Gauge: Measures very low pressures in vacuum systems
down to 10^-6 Torr by compressing gas in a sealed system.
• Pirani Gauge: Measures vacuum pressures from 0.5 Torr to 10^-4
Torr by detecting changes in thermal conductivity of gases.
• Digital Pressure Gauge: Provides real-time readings with high
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accuracy (±0.1%) for a wide pressure range (0-10,000 psi).
 Manufacturers are:
•WIKA: Offers a wide range of industrial pressure gauges, including Bourdon
tube and diaphragm types.
•Ashcroft: Known for precision gauges for industrial and HVAC applications.
•Omega Engineering: Provides a range of digital and vacuum gauges.
•Dwyer Instruments: Specializes in low-pressure and HVAC-related
applications.

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 Flow Meters
▪ Flow meters measure the volume or mass of fluid
passing through a pipe. Types include:
• Electromagnetic Flow Meter: Measures the flow rate of
conductive liquids (e.g., water) with no moving parts, ensuring
high accuracy (±0.5%) for large pipe diameters (½ to 24
inches).
• Turbine Flow Meter: Uses a rotating turbine to measure flow
rate; suitable for clean fluids, with an accuracy of ±0.5% and
flow ranges from 0.5 to 15,000 GPM.
• Ultrasonic Flow Meter: Uses sound waves to measure flow
rates (0.1 to 50,000 GPM), often in non-invasive applications.
• Coriolis Flow Meter: Measures mass flow and density of
liquids and gases with very high precision (±0.1% accuracy).
• Differential Pressure Flow Meter: Measures flow rate by
calculating pressure drop across an obstruction like an orifice
6 plate. Suitable for various liquids and gases.
 Manufacturers are
•Siemens: Offers a wide range of electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow
meters.
•Endress+Hauser: Specializes in Coriolis and electromagnetic meters with
high accuracy.
•Yokogawa: Provides industrial-grade flow meters, including turbine and
differential pressure types.
•Krohne: Known for their electromagnetic and Coriolis flow meters used in
industrial applications.

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 Temperature measuring
systems
▪ 1. Bimetallic Thermometers
• Types: Spiral, Helical, Flat Strip.
• Specifications: Temperature range from -50°C to 500°C,
accuracy of ±1-2%.
• Applications: Industrial, HVAC systems, household appliances.
• Manufacturers: WIKA, Ashcroft, Dwyer Instruments.
▪ 2. Thermopiles
• Types: Infrared Thermopile (non-contact), Seebeck Effect
Thermopile.
• Specifications: Temperature range from -40°C to 1000°C, high
sensitivity for non-contact temperature sensing.
• Applications: IR thermometers, gas burner sensors, non-
contact heat detection.
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 ▪ 3. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
• Types: Thin-film RTDs, Wire-wound RTDs.
• Specifications: Temperature range from -200°C to 850°C,
accuracy of ±0.1°C, typical response time of 1-10 seconds.
• Applications: Industrial temperature control, food processing,
HVAC, medical devices.
• Manufacturers: Omega Engineering, Honeywell,
Endress+Hauser.
▪ 4. Thermocouples
• Types:
• Type K (Nickel-Chromium/Nickel-Alumel, -200°C to 1260°C).
• Type J (Iron-Constantan, -40°C to 750°C).
• Type T (Copper-Constantan, -200°C to 400°C).
• Specifications: Temperature range from -200°C to 2000°C,
accuracy typically ±0.5°C to ±5°C depending on the type.
• Applications: Industrial furnaces, engines, kilns, chemical
processes.
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• Manufacturers: Omega Engineering, Fluke, Watlow.
 ▪ 5. Pyrometers
• Types:
• Optical Pyrometer: Measures temperature based on light
intensity.
• Infrared Pyrometer: Non-contact measurement using
infrared radiation.
• Specifications: Temperature range from 500°C to 3000°C
(optical), -50°C to 3000°C (infrared), accuracy ±1-3%.
• Applications: Foundries, furnaces, high-temperature industrial
processes.
• Manufacturers: Fluke, Raytek, Keller.

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 Force, Strain and Torque
measuring systems
▪ 1. Strain Gauges
• Specifications: Gauge factor 2.0-2.1, resistance typically 120Ω or
350Ω, measures strain in the range of ±5,000 microstrains.
• Manufacturers: Vishay Precision Group, HBM (Hottinger
Baldwin Messtechnik), Kyowa.

▪ 2. Load Cells
• Types:
• Specifications: Load ranges from a few grams to several hundred
tons, accuracy ±0.02% to ±0.05%, material: stainless steel or alloy.
• Applications: Weighing systems, force measurement in industrial
machinery, material testing.
11 • Manufacturers: HBM, Flintec, Vishay Precision Group.
 ▪ 3. Dynamometers
• Specifications: Torque range from 0.1 Nm to 50,000 Nm,
accuracy ±0.1% to ±0.5%.
• Manufacturers: Magtrol, Schenck, Taylor
Dynamometer.
▪ 4. Torque Meters
• Specifications: Torque range from 0.01 Nm to 500,000
Nm, accuracy typically ±0.1% to ±0.5%.
• Manufacturers: HBM, Kistler, Interface, Inc..

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Thank you!