Compiler

Construction
Sohail Aslam
Lecture 7
Table Encoding of FA
 Transition b
table a a
0 1 2

a b
0 1 err
1 2 1
2 err err
2
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
3
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
4
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
5
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
6
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
7
Simulating FA
trans_table[NSTATES][NCHARS];
accept_states[NSTATES];
state = INITIAL;
while(state != err){
c = input.read();
if(c == EOF ) break;
state=trans_table[state][c];
}
return accept_states[state];
8
RE → Finite Automata
 Can we build a finite
automaton for every regular
expression?
 Yes, – build FA inductively
based on the definition of
Regular Expression
9
NFA
Nondeterministic Finite
Automaton (NFA)
 Can have multiple
transitions for one input
in a given state
 Can have  - moves
10
Epsilon Moves
 ε – moves
machine can move from state
A to state B without consuming
input

A B

11
NFA
operation of the automaton is not
completely defined by input
1
0 1
A B C

On input “11”, automaton could be

in either state
12
Execution of FA
A NFA can choose
 Whether to make -moves.
 Which of multiple transitions
to take for a single input.

13
Acceptance of NFA
 NFA can get into multiple states
 Rule: NFA accepts if it can get
in a final state
1
0 1
A B C

0
14
DFA and NFA
Deterministic Finite Automata
(DFA)
 One transition per input per
state.
 No  - moves

15
Execution of FA
A DFA
 can take only one path
through the state graph.
 Completely determined by
input.
16
NFA vs DFA
 NFAs and DFAs recognize
the same set of languages
(regular languages)
 DFAs are easier to
implement – table driven.

17
NFA vs DFA
 For a given language, the
NFA can be simpler than
the DFA.
 DFA can be exponentially
larger than NFA.

18
NFA vs DFA
 NFAs are the key to
automating RE → DFA
construction.

19
RE → NFA Construction
Thompson’s construction
(CACM 1968)
 Build an NFA for each RE
term.
 Combine NFAs with
-moves.
20
RE → NFA Construction
Subset construction
NFA → DFA
 Build the simulation.
 Minimize number of states
in DFA (Hopcroft’s
algorithm)
21
RE → NFA Construction
Key idea:
 NFA pattern for each
symbol and each operator.
 Join them with -moves in
precedence order.

22
RE → NFA Construction
a
s0 s1
NFA for a

a  b
s0 s1 s3 s4

NFA for ab
23
RE → NFA Construction
a
NFA for a s0 s1

24
RE → NFA Construction
a
NFA for a s0 s1
b
NFA for b s3 s4

25
RE → NFA Construction
a
NFA for a s0 s1
b
NFA for b s3 s4

a b
s0 s1 s3 s4

26
RE → NFA Construction
a
NFA for a s0 s1
b
NFA for b s3 s4

a  b
s0 s1 s3 s4

NFA for ab
27
RE → NFA Construction
a
 s1 s2 
s0 s5
 b
s3 s4 

NFA for a | b
28
RE → NFA Construction
a
s1 s2

NFA for a
29
RE → NFA Construction
a
s1 s2

b
s3 s4

NFA for a and b

30
RE → NFA Construction
a
 s1 s2 
s0 s5
 b
s3 s4 

NFA for a | b
31
RE → NFA Construction


 a 
s0 s1 s2 s4


NFA for a*
32
RE → NFA Construction

a
s1 s2

NFA for a
33
RE → NFA Construction


 a 
s0 s1 s2 s4


NFA for a*
34
Example RE → NFA
NFA for a ( b|c )* 

b
   s4 s5 
a 
s0 s1 s2 s3 s8 s9
 s c
6 s7 


35
Example RE → NFA
building NFA for a ( b|c )*

a
s0 s1

36
Example RE → NFA
NFA for a, b and c

b
s4 s5
a
s0 s1
c
s6 s7

37
Example RE → NFA
NFA for a and b|c

b
 s4 s5 
a
s0 s1 s3 s8
 s c
6 s7 

38
Example RE → NFA
NFA for a and ( b|c )*

b
  s4 s5 
a 
s0 s1 s2 s3 s8 s9
 s c
6 s7 


39
Example RE → NFA
NFA for a ( b|c )* 

b
   s4 s5 
a 
s0 s1 s2 s3 s8 s9
 s c
6 s7 


40