FOLDED DIPOLE

• Folded antenna is a single antenna

but it consists of two elements.
• First element is fed directly while
second one is coupled inductively at
its end.
• Radiation pattern of folded dipole is
same as that of dipole antenna i.e
figure of eight (8).
 FOLDED DIPOLE

• It is an antenna of two or more

parallel and closely spaced dipole
antennas connected together at
their ends With one dipole antenna
being center fed.
.
 FOLDED DIPOLE

• Salient features :
• It is a single antenna but consists of two elements.
• The 1st is fed directly & the second is inductively coupled
at the ends.
• Its radiation pattern doughnut shape.
• If the current is I then I/2 is current in each arm.
• The input impedance is four times that of the straight
dipole because current is I/2 in each arm.
 Features

• Bandwidth of folded dipole is higher than

that of straight dipole.
• The spacing between the arms is of the
order of λ/100

. It is used in yagi uda antenna as actiVe

element.

It has the advantage of high input impedance,

greater band width, ease & low cost of
construction with better impedance
matching parameters.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Construction:
• This was developed by Prof yagi & Uda.
• It is an array antenna consisting of one active element
and few parasitic elements.
• The active element consists of folded dipole whose length
is λ/2.
• The parasitic element consists of one reflector & three
directors.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Construction:
• The length of each reflector is greater than λ/2 & is
placed behind the active element.
• The length of each director is less than λ/2 & is placed in
front of the active element.
• The spacing between each element is not identical hence
it is a non linear array.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Construction: The impedance of active element is resistive, reflector

is inductive and directors are capacitive.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Salient features:
• It consists of a driven element, a reflector and three
directors.
• Driven element is folded dipole antenna which is
excited.
• Directors & reflectors are parasitic elements.
• Its radiation pattern is unidirectional and gain is 7dB.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Salient features:
The effect of parasitic element depends on their spacing &
tuning.
More directors can be used to increase the gain.
Highest gain is obtained when reflector is slightly greater
than λ/2 in length and spaced at λ/4 from the driven
element and when the length of the director is about
10% less than λ/2 with an optimal spacing of λ/3.
 Yagi Uda antenna

• Design a 5 element Yagi Uda antenna at 1Ghz.

• Length of the driven element is La = 0.46λ
• Length of the reflector Lr = 0.475 λ
• Length of the director Ld1 = 0.44 λ, Ld2 = 0.44 λ, Ld3 =
0.43 λ
• Spacing between reflector & driven element SL= 0.25 λ
• Spacing between director & driven element SD = 0.31 λ
• Diameter d = 0.01 λ
• The length of the yagi array is 1.5 λ
Radiation pattern of Yagi antenna
 HERTZ ANTENNA

• The Hertzian dipole is a theoretical short dipole

(significantly smaller than the wavelength) with
a uniform current along its length.
• A true Hertzian dipole cannot physically exist,
since the assumed current distribution implies an
infinite charge density at its ends, and significant
radiation requires a very high current over its
very short length.
 LOOP ANTENNA
• A loop antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a
loop of wire with its ends connected to a balanced
transmission line
• It is a single turn coil carrying RF current through it.
• The dimensions of coil are smaller than the
wavelength hence current flowing through the coil
has same phase.
• Small loops have a poor efficiency and are mainly
used as receiving antennas at low frequencies. Except
for car radios, almost every AM broadcast receiver
sold has such an antenna built inside of it or directly
attached to it.
• A technically small loop, also known as a magnetic
loop, should have a circumference of one tenth of a
wavelength or less. This is necessary to ensure a
constant current distribution round the loop.
• As the frequency or the size are increased, a standing
wave starts to develop in the current, and the antenna
starts to have some of the characteristics of a folded
dipole antenna or a self-resonant loop.
• Self-resonant loop antennas are larger. They are
typically used at higher frequencies, especially VHF
and UHF, where their size is manageable. They can be
viewed as a form of folded dipole and have somewhat
similar characteristics. The radiation efficiency is also
high and similar to that of a dipole.
• Radiation pattern of loop
antenna is a doughnut
pattern.
• Can be circular or square
loop
• No radiation is received
normal to the plane of loop
and null is obtained in this
direction.
• Application: Used for
direction finding applications
 RHOMBIC ANTENNA
• Structure and construction
– 4 wires are connected in rhombic shape and
terminated by a resistor.
– Mounted horizontally and placed > ^/2 from
ground.
• Highest development of long wire antenna is rhombic
antenna.
• Advantages
– Easier to construct
– Its i/p impedance and radiation pattern are
relatively constant over range of frequencies.
– Maximum efficiency
– High gain can be obtained.
• Disadvantages
– Large site area and large side lobes.
• Application
– Long distance communication, high frequency
transmission and reception.
– Point to point communication.
– Radio communication.
– Short wave radio broadcasting.
 ANTENNA ARRAYS
• Antenna arrays is group of antennas or antenna
elements arranged to provide desired directional
characteristics.
• Generally any combination of elements can form an
array.
• However equal elements of regualar geometry are
usually used.
 YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
• It is a directional antenna consisting of a driven
element (typically a dipole or folded dipole) and
additional parasitic elements (usually a so-called
reflector and one or more directors).
• All the elements are arranged collinearly and close
together.
• The reflector element is slightly longer (typically 5%
longer) than the driven dipole, whereas the so-called
directors are a little bit shorter.
• The design achieves a very substantial increase in the
antenna's directionality and gain compared to a
simple dipole.
• Typical spacing between elements vary from about
1/10 to 1/4 of a wavelength, depending on the
specific design.
• The elements are usually parallel in one plane.
• Radiation pattern is modified figure of eight
• By adjusting distance between adjacent directors it
is possible to reduce back lobe
• Improved front to back ratio
 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS
They are used in systems such as
• Radio broadcasting
• Broadcast television
• Two-way radio
• Communication receivers
• Radar
• Cell phones
• Satellite communications.
 ANTENNA CONSIDERATIONS
• The space available for an antenna
• The proximity to neighbors
• The operating frequencies
• The output power
• Money