ETHIOPIAN DEFENCE UNIVERCITY, COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING

MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

M.V.D.E.C Lt. HAGAZI GIRMAY 12/26/2024 1

 Introduction
Definition of Engine
Engine:
is a device which transforms one form of energy in to another form.

Normally, most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into Mechanical Work and therefore
they are called Heat Engine.

Mechanical
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy
Energy

Combustion Heat Engine

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 Definition of Heat Engine
 Heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Internal combustion engines(IC Engines):

 combustion occurs in the working fluid open cycle – the working fluid is replenished in each
cycle. (i.e exhaust gas is dumped into the atmosphere)

E.g; all engines used in trucks, buses and off-road equipment

2. External combustion engines(EC Engines) :

 use of heat exchanger to transfer energy to the working fluid- Open or closed cycle.

E.g: steam engine, sterling engine

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 External Combustion Engine (E.C.E)
Definition:
 External Combustion Engine (E.C.E) is any engine that operates by burning its fuel
outside the engine.

 External combustion engine:

 Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat energy-outside of boiler-water-steam-force the
piston to move (mechanical energy).

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 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Introduction
 The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into
mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft.

 Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or
oxidation with air inside the engine.

Þ This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the

high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine.

® This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which
is the output of the engine.
ÞThe crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to transmit
the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.
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 Spark Ignition Engines(SI Engine)
Introduction
 A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and
similar volatile fuels.

 In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression (although some modern petrol
engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection).

 The pre-mixing was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel injection, except

in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine efficiency.

 SI Engine is differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to
initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and therefore heated), and the fuel is

injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites.

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 Working Cycles
 petrol engines may run on the four-stroke cycle or the two-stroke cycle.

 Four stroke SI Engines: each stroke is completed in different stroke.

 Two-stroke Engine: in this two working strokes are completed in single

stroke
Four-stroke SI engine
 Four -stroke SI Engine has four working strokes. These are:
a) Intake stroke
b) Compression stroke
c) Power or Expansion stroke
d) Exhaust stroke

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Compression Ignition Engines (CI Engine) or
Diesel Engines
The only difference between diesel engine and a four-stroke gasoline
engine is:
Þ No sparkplug on Diesel
engine.
Þ Has a higher compression
ratio (14:1 to 25:1)
Þ Better fuel mileage.

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 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
S.No parameter SI Engine CI Engine
1 definition It is an engine in which the It is an engine in w/c heat of
spark is used to burn the fuel. compressed air is used to burn
the fuel.
2 Fuel used Petrol is used as fuel Diesel is used as fuel
3 Operating cycle It operates on Otto cycle. It operates on diesel cycle
4 Compression Low compression ratio High compression ratio
ratio
5 Thermal High thermal efficiency Lower thermal efficiency
efficiency
6 Method of Spark plug is used to produce Heat of compressed air is used
ignition spark for the ignitions. for the ignition.
7 Engine speed High engine speeds Low engine speeds
8 Pressure Low pressure is generated High pressure is generated
generated after combustion. after combustion.
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9 Constant Constant volume cycle Constant pressure cycle
parameter
during cycle
S.No parameter SI Engine CI Engine
10 intake Air + fuel Only air
11 Weight of engine SI engine has less weight CI engine are heavier
12 Noise production It produces less noise It produces more noise.
13 Production of Less hydrocarbon is More hydrocarbon is produced
hydrocarbon produced
14 starting The starting of SI engine is The starting of CI engine is
easy. difficult
15 Maintenance cost low high
16 Vibration problem less Very high
17 Cost of engine Less cost High cost
18 Volume to power less high
ratio
19 Fuel supply carburetor injector
20 application
M.V.D.E.C Lt. HAGAZI GIRMAY
It is used in light It is used in heavy duty vehicles
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commercial vehicles like likes bus, trucks, ships etc.
motorcycle, cars etc.
 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
The Working Principle of Engines
A. Four Stroke Engines:
 In a four- stroke engine, the cycle of operations is completed in four strokes of the piston or two
revaluations of the crankshaft.

 we can categorized Four Stroke Engines as followed:

a) Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine(SI Engine)
b) Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine(CI Engine)

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 During the four strokes, there are five events to be completed. These are:

 Suction or Intake Stroke

 Compression Stroke

 Combustion

 Expansion or Power Stroke

 Exhaust Stroke

 Each stroke consists of 180 degree of crank shaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is
completed through 720 degree of crankshaft rotation.

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 The cycle of operation for an ideal four-stroke SI engine consists of the following four strokes:
i. Suction or intake stroke;
ii. Compression stroke;
iii. Expansion or power stroke;
iv. Exhaust stroke.

A. Four Stroke Engines:

 The details of various processes of a four-stroke

spark ignition engine with overhead valves are
described as followed.
Fig: working principle of four-stroke SI engine

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 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle

First Stroke: Intake Stroke or Induction

 The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the intake valve open and exhaust valve closed.

 This creates an increasing volume in the combustion chamber, which in turn creates a vacuum.
The resulting pressure differential through the intake system from atmospheric pressure on the
outside to the vacuum on the inside causes air to be pushed into the cylinder.

 As the air passes through the intake system, fuel is added to it in the desired amount by means
of fuel injectors or a carburetor.

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Intake valve opens.

Piston moves down, ½ turn of crankshaft.

A vacuum is created in the cylinder.

Atmospheric pressure pushes the air/fuel mixture into the

cylinder.

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Second Stroke: Compression Stroke
 When the piston reaches BDC, the intake valve closes and the piston travels back to TDC with all
valves closed.

This compresses the air-fuel mixture, raising both the pressure and temperature in the cylinder.
The finite time required to close the intake valve means that actual compression doesn't start
until sometime aBDC. Near the end of the compression stroke, the spark plug is fired and
combustion is initiated.  Valves close.

 Piston moves up, ½ turn of crankshaft.

 Air/fuel mixture is compressed.

 Fuel starts to vaporize and heat begins to build.

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Combustion
 Combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs in a very short but finite length of time with the piston
near TDC (i.e., nearly constant-volume combustion).

 It starts near the end of the compression stroke slightly bTDC and lasts into the power stroke

slightly aTDC.

 Combustion changes the composition of the gas mixture to that of exhaust products and

increases the temperature in the cylinder to a very high peak value. This, in turn, raises the

pressure in the cylinder to a very high peak value.

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Third Stroke: Expansion or Power Stroke
 With all valves closed, the high pressure created by the combustion process pushes the piston away
from TDC.

This is the stroke which produces the work output of the engine cycle. As the piston travels
from TDC to BDC, cylinder volume is increased, causing pressure and temperature to drop.

Valves remain closed.

Spark plug fires igniting fuel mixture.
Piston moves down, ½ turn of crankshaft.
Heat is converted to mechanical energy.
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Exhaust Blow down

 Late in the power stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and exhaust blow down occurs.

 Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still high relative to the surroundings at this point, and a
pressure differential is created through the exhaust system which is open to atmospheric pressure.

Þ This pressure differential causes much of the hot exhaust gas to be pushed out of the cylinder and
through the exhaust system when the piston is near BDC.

Þ This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of enthalpy, which lowers the cycle thermal
efficiency. Opening the exhaust valve before BDC reduces the work obtained during the power
stroke but is required because of the finite time needed for exhaust blowdown.

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Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke
 By the time the piston reaches BDC, exhaust blowdown is complete, but the cylinder is still full of
exhaust gases at approximately atmospheric pressure.
With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston now travels from BDC to TDC in the exhaust
stroke. This pushes most of the remaining exhaust gases out of the cylinder into the exhaust system
at about atmospheric pressure, leaving only that trapped in the clearance volume when the piston
reaches TDC.
Þ Near the end of the exhaust stroke bTDC, the intake valve starts to open, so that it is fully open
by TDC when the new intake stroke starts the next cycle.
Þ Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and finally is fully closed sometime aTDC. This
period when both the intake valve and exhaust valve are open is called valve overlap.
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Fourth Stroke: Exhaust Stroke

Exhaust valve opens.

Piston move up, crankshaft makes ½ turn.

Exhaust gases are pushed out polluting the atmosphere.

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 Four-Stroke CI Engine Cycle
First Stroke: Intake Stroke

 The same as the intake stroke in an SI engine with one major difference: no fuel is added to the
incoming air.

Second Stroke: Compression Stroke

 The same as in an SI engine except that only air is compressed and compression is to higher pressures
and temperature.

 Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber, where it mixes
with the very hot air.

 This causes the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite, causing combustion to start.
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Combustion
Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about constant pressure until fuel injection is
complete and the piston has started towards BDC.

Third Stroke: Power Stroke

The power stroke continues as combustion ends and the piston travels towards BDC.

Exhaust Blow down:

Same as with an SI engine.

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 Summery 4-stroke SI and CI engine valve position

Stroke Movement of Position of the Valve Purpose

the Piston
Intake Valve Exhaust Valve

Intake Going Down Open Close  Sucked air/fuel mixture

into the cylinder
Compression Going Up Close Close  Compressed the air/fuel
mixture to increase its
temperature
Power Going Down Close Close  Combustion takes place

Exhaust Going Up Close Open  Burned gases pushed out

from the engine cylinder

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 Two-Stroke Engine Cycle

B. Two Stroke Engines

we can categorized Two Stroke Engines as followed:
a) Two Stroke Spark Ignition Engine(SI Engine)
b) Two Stroke Compression Ignition Engine(CI Engine)
 The two stroke engine employs the crankcase as well as the
cylinder to achieve all the elements of the cycle in only two
strokes of the piston.

 360 degrees rotation of crankshaft completes the cycle

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Combustion:

With the piston at TDC combustion occurs very quickly, raising the temperature and pressure to
peak values, almost at constant volume.

First Stroke: Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke:

 Very high pressure created by the combustion process forces the piston down in the power
stroke. The expanding volume of the combustion chamber causes pressure and temperature to
decrease as the piston travels towards BDC.
At the top of the stroke the spark plug ignites the fuel
mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston
downward.

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Exhaust Blowdown :
At about 75° bBDC, the exhaust valve opens and blowdown occurs.

Þ The exhaust valve may be a poppet valve in the cylinder head, or it may be a slot in the side of
the cylinder which is uncovered as the piston approaches BDC.

Þ After blowdown the cylinder remains filled with exhaust gas at lower pressure.
Exhaust/Transfer Stroke
Toward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port,
allowing the compressed fuel/air mixture in the crankcase to escape
around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust
gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the
cylinder.
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Intake and Scavenging:
 When blowdown is nearly complete, at about 50° bBDC, the intake slot on the side of the cylinder is
uncovered and intake air-fuel enters under pressure. Fuel is added to the air with either a carburetor or
fuel injection.

Þ This incoming mixture pushes much of the remaining exhaust gases out the open exhaust valve and
fills the cylinder with a combustible air-fuel mixture, a process called scavenging. The piston passes
BDC and very quickly covers the intake port and then the exhaust port (or the exhaust valve closes).

Þ The higher pressure at which the air enters the cylinder is established in one of two ways.

® Large two stroke cycle engines generally have a supercharger,

® while small engines will intake the air through the crankcase. On these engines the crankcase is
designed to serve as a compressor in addition to serving its normal function.
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 Intake stroke:
 The fuel/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the
vacuum created during the upward stroke of the piston through the
reed valve.
Second Stroke: Compression Stroke
 With all valves (or ports) closed, the piston travels towards
TDC and compresses the air-fuel mixture to a higher pressure
and temperature.
Þ Near the end of the compression stroke, the spark plug is fired; by the time the piston gets
to IDC, combustion occurs and the next engine cycle begins.
The piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At
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the same time, another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).
Þ Near the end of the compression stroke, the spark plug
is fired; by the time the piston gets to IDC, combustion
occurs and the next engine cycle begins.

 The piston then rises, driven by flywheel

momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At
the same time, another intake stroke is happening
beneath the piston).

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 Two- Stroke CI Engine Cycle

The two-stroke cycle for a CI engine is similar to that of the SI engine, except
for two changes:
No fuel is added to the incoming air, so that compression is done on air
only.
Instead of a spark plug, a fuel injector is located in the cylinder. Near the
end of the compression stroke, fuel is injected into the hot compressed air
and combustion is initiated by self-ignition.

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 COMPARISON OF 2-S & 4-S ENGINES
4-S Engines 2-S Engine
The cycle is completed in two strokes of the
The cycle completed in 4 strokes of piston or
piston or one power strokes obtained in
2-revo. of crankshaft
every revo. of crakshaft

Turning moment is not uniform & hence a Turning moment is more uniform & hence a
heavier flywheel is needed lighter flywheel can be used

Power produced for the same size of engine

The power produced for the same size is more (Theoretically twice, actually 1.3
engine is less (2 revo gives 1 power) times) due to 1 Power stroke in 1 revo. Of
Cra Sh)

Lesser cooling & lubrication requirement Greater cooling & lubrication requirements
Lower rate of wear & tear Higher rate of wear & tear

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 COMPARISON OF SI & CI ENGINES

4-S Engines 2-S Engine

Contains valve & Valve mechanisms to open No valves but ports (some 2-s engines are
& close valves fitted with exhaust valves or reed valve)

The initial cost is very high (Coz of heavy wt. Initial cost of the engine is less (Coz of light
& complicated valve mechanism) wt. & simplicity)

Volumetric Efficiency is more (Coz of more Volumetric Efficiency is low (Coz of lesser
time for induction) time for induction)

Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine

Used where Efficiency is important Used where low cost, compactness & Light
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc… Wt. are important (in Scooters, Motor cycles
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T 12/26/2024 34