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Introduction to AI

introduction to AI

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3 views

Introduction to AI

introduction to AI

Uploaded by

vadla77
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the


simulation of human intelligence in machines that
are programmed to think and learn like humans.
AI can be categorized into two types:

Narrow AI, which is designed for a specific task.

General AI, which has the ability to perform any


intellectual task that a human can do
History and Journey of AI

Early Beginnings (1940s-1950s)


– Alan Turing: In 1950, Alan Turing
published a paper titled "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence," which
introduced the concept of the Turing Test
to determine if a machine can exhibit
intelligent behavior indistinguishable
from a human.
contd

– Dartmouth Conference (1956): This


conference is considered the birthplace of AI as
a field. Researchers like John McCarthy, Marvin
Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude
Shannon proposed the study of "artificial
intelligence."
The Formative Years (1950s-1970s)

Early Programs:
The first AI programs, such as the Logic
Theorist (1955) and General Problem
Solver (1957), were developed to mimic
human problem-solving.

• Expert Systems:
In the 1970s, AI research focused on creating
expert systems, which are programs designed to
mimic the decision-making abilities of a
human expert
AI Winters (1970s-1990s)

Funding Cuts:
Due to high expectations and limited
progress, AI research faced significant
funding cuts, leading to periods known as
"AI winters."
Renewed Interest:
Despite setbacks, research continued,
and new approaches like machine
l earning and neural networks began
to emerge
Modern AI (1990s-Present)

– Machine Learning: The 1990s saw the


rise of machine learning, where
algorithms learn from data. This period
also saw the development of support
vector machines and decision trees.
– Deep Learning:
– In the 2010s, deep learning, a subset of
machine learning involving neural
networks with many layers,
revolutionized AI.
– Breakthroughs in image and speech
recognition, natural language
processing, and game playing (e.g.,
AlphaGo) were achieved.
• AI in Everyday Life:
Today, AI is integrated into various
applications, from virtual assistants like
Siri and Alexa to autonomous vehicles and
advanced medical diagnostics.
What is AI?
• AI aims to create intelligent entities,
going beyond understanding
intelligence to building it.
• It encompasses a wide range of
subfields, from general tasks like
learning and perception to specific
tasks like chess playing,
mathematical theorem proving, and
driving.
Definitions of AI are categorized based on:

– Thought Process and Reasoning:


Thinking humanly or rationally.
– Behavior: Acting humanly or rationally.
• The Turing Test defines intelligence
operationally, requiring capabilities like
natural language processing, knowledge
representation, reasoning, and machine
learning.

• AI systems can act rationally by achieving


the best outcome based on what they know,
emphasizing rational agent designs.
Foundations of AI

• AI is built upon contributions from various disciplines:


Philosophy:
– Explores logic, reasoning, and the nature of knowledge.
– Notable figures: Aristotle (laws of thought), Hobbes
(reasoning akin to computation), and Descartes
(dualism and rationalism).
Mathematics:
– Developed formal logic (e.g., propositional and first-order
logic).
– Introduced concepts of computability, algorithms, and NP-
completeness.
– Probability theory to address uncertainty (Bayes’
theorem).
contd
• Economics:
– Decision theory and game theory for rational
decision-making.
– Focus on maximizing utility and dealing with
uncertainty.
• Neuroscience:
– Studies the brain's structure and information
processing.
– Developments include understanding neurons, brain
activity (EEG, fMRI), and mechanisms of learning.
contd
• Psychology:
– Studies human and animal cognition and behavior.
– Influences from cognitive psychology and models of
mental processes.
• Computer Engineering:
– Provides hardware and software innovations, from
early computers to modern AI systems.
– Contributions include time-sharing systems,
programming languages (e.g., Lisp), and symbolic
computation.
contd
• Control Theory and Cybernetics:
– Focus on self-regulating systems.
– Concepts of feedback loops and stable systems.
• Linguistics:
– Explores the relationship between language and
thought.
• Computational linguistics helps develop
natural language processing systems
History of AI
• Gestation (1943-1955): Early work focused on
artificial neurons and computation, laying the
groundwork for neural networks and the concept of
machine learning.
• Birth (1956): The Dartmouth workshop marked the
official establishment of AI as a field, bringing together
key researchers and setting the agenda for future AI
research.
• Early Enthusiasm (1952-1969): This period saw the
development of pioneering programs like the General
Problem Solver (GPS) and the formulation of the
physical symbol system hypothesis, which posited that
symbol manipulation is essential for intelligence.
• Reality Check (1966-1973): AI faced significant
challenges, particularly in machine translation and
problem-solving, revealing the limitations of early
approaches and leading to a reassessment of AI
capabilities.
• Knowledge-Based Systems (1969-1979):
Expert systems like DENDRAL and MYCIN
demonstrated the power of domain-specific
knowledge, achieving notable successes in fields
like chemistry and medicine.
• Industry Adoption (1980-present): AI
technologies, particularly expert systems, saw
widespread commercial success, with applications
in various industries leading to significant
economic benefits.
• Neural Networks (1986-present): The revival of
neural networks, especially with the back-
propagation algorithm, led to breakthroughs in
machine learning and pattern recognition.
• Scientific Method (1987-present): AI research
adopted rigorous experimental methodologies and
integrated insights from other fields, leading to
more robust and scientifically grounded
advancements.
• Intelligent Agents (1995-present): The
development of complete agent architectures and
their applications on the Internet highlighted the
importance of creating systems capable of
autonomous, rational behavior in complex
environments.

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