Earth Science

Earth’s
Exogenic Processes
 Tasks Identify the
Describe types of Mass
Exogenic Processes Wasting
01 What factors have shaped
03 How do different types of
the Earth’s surface over mass movements affect
millions of years? the landscape and human
Explain activities? &
Erosion
Weathering Deposition
02 What are the different
04
types of weathering and
how does each type
contribute to the
breakdown of rocks and
minerals?
What does the term
‘exogenic
processes’ refer
 OUTSIDE

Exogeni
c
Exogeni
cPRODUCED BY
 These processes include:
Mass
Weathering Movement
The process by which The downward
rocks and minerals movement of soil and
are broken down into rock under the influence
smaller pieces by of gravity, such as
physical, chemical, or landslides and rockfalls.
biological means due to
exposure to the
atmosphere
 These processes include:

Erosion Deposition
The process by which The process of laying
natural forces like down or settling
water, wind, and ice eroded materials in a
wear away rocks and new location, forming
soil, transporting them new landforms.
to new locations.
 EXOGENIC
PROCESSES: MASS
WASTING
Create your own simulation, diorama or
model that will show the movement
mechanism of different mass wasting
examples.
PRESENTATION: MONDAY
 EXOGENIC
PROCESSES: MASS
WASTING
Create your own simulation, diorama or
model that will show the movement
mechanism of different mass wasting
examples.
PRESENTATION: TUESDAY
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main
Type of factors:
Material: What kind of material is
involved? Is it solid rock or loose soil and
sediment?
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main factors:
Movement Mechanism: How does the
material move? Does it slide, flow, or fall?
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main factors:
Speed of Movement: How fast does the
material move? Is it slow and gradual, or quick
and sudden?
Types of Mass Wasting
 Landslides
Landslides are the
movement of rock,
earth, or debris down a
slope due to gravity.
They can be triggered
by factors like heavy
rain, earthquakes,
volcanic activity, or
human activities.
 Rock Fall
Rock fall is when rocks
break off a steep slope
and drop straight
down.
 Topple
Topple is when rocks or
soil tilt forward and fall
over.
 Debris
Avalanches
These are rapid, large-
scale movements of
rock, soil, and other
debris down a slope,
often triggered by
volcanic activity or
earthquakes. They can
travel at high speeds
and cover large areas
 Slump
A block of land moves
down a curved surface,
creating a step-like
appearance.
 Creep
Creep is the very slow,
gradual downhill
movement of soil and
rock, often
imperceptible except
over long periods.
 Debris Flow
A debris flow is a fast-
moving mixture of
water, mud, rocks, and
other debris that
travels down a slope.
 Mudflows
Mudflows are fast-
moving flows of water-
saturated earth
materials, often
triggered by heavy
rainfall or volcanic
activity.
 Earthflows
An earth flow is when a
mass of water-
saturated soil and rock
moves slowly down a
slope.
 Lateral
Spreads
Lateral spreads occur
when saturated soil,
often sand, loses its
strength due to sudden
stress changes, like
during an earthquake.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
1. ________ is when materials like
soil, sand, and rocks are
dropped off in a new location.
This process helps form new
land features like deltas and
sand dunes.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
2. _________ is the movement
of soil, rock, and debris down
a slope due to gravity.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
3. A ________ is a fast-moving
mixture of water, mud, rocks,
and other debris that travels
down a slope.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
4. To understand and prevent slope
failures, we need to classify them
based on three main factors. This
factor describes how does the
material move? Does it slide, flow, or
fall?
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
5.
PROCESSES
Give one factor affecting
weathering.

6. What are the three types of

weathering?
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
7. ________ is an exogenic geological
process where materials are worn
away and transported by natural
forces
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
8. _______ is when rocks or soil tilt
forward and fall over.

9. A block of land moves down a

curved surface, creating a step-like
appearance.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
10. ________ is a process where
organic molecules bind to metal
ions, making them more soluble and
easier to transport.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
11. ___________ is characterized by
the disintegration of rock and soil
with no change in chemical structure
and composition.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
12. _________ is the process where
rocks break down into smaller pieces
due to exposure to atmospheric
conditions like temperature changes
and moisture.
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
13. PROCESSES
__________ involves the swapping of
positively charged ions between minerals
and water.

14. These are rapid, large-scale

movements of rock, soil, and other debris
down a slope
 QUIZ 2: EXOGENIC
PROCESSES
15. ______ is the very slow,
gradual downhill movement of
soil and rock, often
imperceptible except over long
periods.
PICTURE
ANALYSIS
Before Exam

After Exam
YOUR TASK:
● Describe the changes observed between the
“before” and “after” pictures.
● Identify and explain the factors that caused
these changes.
● Discuss the processes involved in creating the
observed “after” result.
BEFO
RE

AFTE
R
Nails rust because the iron in
them reacts with oxygen and
water in the environment, forming
iron oxide, commonly known as
rust.
BEFO
RE

AFTE
R
An apple rots because fungi and
bacteria break it down. Bruises,
cuts, and exposure to heat and
moisture make it easier for these
microorganisms to invade and
speed up the rotting.
BEFO
RE

AFTE
The bread is left out in a humid
kitchen, leading to mold growth
because of the moisture in the air.
The fence is exposed to harsh
sunlight and rain, causing the
paint to peel and the wood to rot
over time.
Outside
Factors
What does the term
‘exogenic
processes’ refer
 OUTSIDE

Exogeni
c
Exogeni
cPRODUCED BY
Exogeni
c
Exogenic essentially
means “originating from
outside”
Exogenic Process
Exogenic processes are natural actions like
weathering, erosion, and mass movements that
happen on the Earth’s surface, breaking down
and wearing away rocks and soil. These
processes are slow and continuous,
gradually shaping the landscape over time.
 These processes include:
Mass
Weathering Movement
The process by which The downward
rocks and minerals movement of soil and
are broken down into rock under the influence
smaller pieces by of gravity, such as
physical, chemical, or landslides and rockfalls.
biological means due to
exposure to the
atmosphere
 These processes include:

Erosion Deposition
The process by which The process of laying
natural forces like down or settling
water, wind, and ice eroded materials in a
wear away rocks and new location, forming
soil, transporting them new landforms.
to new locations.
 Today’s Tasks
Describe
Exogenic Processes
What factors have shaped
the Earth’s surface over
millions of years?
Explain
Weathering
02 What are the different
types of weathering and
how does each type
contribute to the
breakdown of rocks and
minerals?
0
2
Weatherin
g
What does weathering mean?
Weatherin
Weathering is the process
g
where rocks break down into
smaller pieces due to exposure
to atmospheric conditions
like temperature changes and
moisture.
 There are three types of
weathering
Physical Chemical Biological
Physical
Physical weathering is
Weathering
characterized by the
disintegration of rock
and soil aggregates through
physical or mechanical
processes, which act
primarily on fractures on
rocks with no change in
the chemical
Same rock sample broken
down into tiny pieces
Frost
Wedging
For example, when
water gets into cracks
in a rock and freezes, it
expands and makes
the crack bigger,
eventually breaking
the rock apart.
Chemical
Weathering
Chemical weathering
happens through the
decomposition of rock
materials which causes the
change in composition
by biochemical
processes
 Chemical weathering happens
through:
01 02 03
Cation
Hydrolysis Exchange Chelation

04 05
Oxidation Carbonation
01 Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical weathering
process where water reacts with
minerals in rocks, causing them to
break down and form new minerals.
What would happen if you
left a cookie in milk for too
long
 This is also the same
Feldspa
r
with…
Kaolinit
e

Feldspar in granite can react with water to form

clay minerals.
Positively Charged Ion

Cation Exchange
Swapping
02 Cation Exchange
Cation exchange involves the swapping of
positively charged ions (cations) between
minerals and water.
03 Chelation
Chelation is a process where organic
molecules bind to metal ions, making
them more soluble and easier to
transport.
04 Oxidation
Oxidation is a type of chemical
weathering where minerals in rocks
react with oxygen, often from the air or
water.
05 Carbonation
Carbonation is a type of chemical
weathering where carbon dioxide
from the air or soil mixes with water
to form a weak acid called carbonic acid.
Biological
Weathering
Biological weathering is
when living things like
plants, animals, and
microbes break down
rocks.
How it happens

Plants Animals Microbes

How it happens
Plant
R
s oots grow into cracks in
rocks, and as they grow
bigger, they break the rocks
apart.
How it happens
Animal
Burrowing
s animals like
moles and earthworms dig
through the soil, breaking
up rocks and bringing them
to the surface.
How it happens
Tiny organisms like bacteria
and fungi produce
chemicals that dissolve
minerals in rocks,
weakening them.

Microbes
Factors Affecting Weathering:
● Temperature
● Moisture
● Rock Composition
● Surface Area
● Biological Activity
● Topography
Earth Science

Earth’s
Exogenic Processes
 Tasks Identify the
Describe types of Mass
Exogenic Processes Wasting
What factors have shaped
03 How do different types of
the Earth’s surface over mass movements affect
millions of years? the landscape and human
Explain activities?
Weathering
What are the different
types of weathering and
how does each type
contribute to the
breakdown of rocks and
minerals?
 0
3
Mass
Wasting
 MASS WASTING
Mass wasting or mass movement
is the downward sloping
movement of regolith or a loose
uncemented mixture of soil and
rock particles that covers the
earth's surface.
 MASS WASTING
Typically, mass wasting is
influenced by gravity without the
aid of transporting agents such
as water, ice, or wind.
Types of Mass Wasting
 Landslides
Landslides are the
movement of rock,
earth, or debris down a
slope due to gravity.
They can be triggered
by factors like heavy
rain, earthquakes,
volcanic activity, or
human activities.
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main
Type of factors:
Material: What kind of material is
involved? Is it solid rock or loose soil and
sediment?
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main factors:
Movement Mechanism: How does the
material move? Does it slide, flow, or fall?
To understand and prevent
slope failures, we need to
classify them based on three
main factors:
Speed of Movement: How fast does the
material move? Is it slow and gradual, or quick
and sudden?
There are three
different types of
motion:
● Fall
● Slide
● Flow
Fall
 Rock Fall
Rock fall is when rocks
break off a steep slope
and drop straight
down.
 Topple
Topple is when rocks or
soil tilt forward and fall
over.
Slide
 Slump
A block of land moves
down a curved surface,
creating a step-like
appearance.
Flow
 Creep
Creep is the very slow,
gradual downhill
movement of soil and
rock, often
imperceptible except
over long periods.
 Debris
Avalanches
These are rapid, large-
scale movements of
rock, soil, and other
debris down a slope,
often triggered by
volcanic activity or
earthquakes. They can
travel at high speeds
and cover large areas
 Debris Flow
A debris flow is a fast-
moving mixture of
water, mud, rocks, and
other debris that
travels down a slope.
 Mudflows
Mudflows are fast-
moving flows of water-
saturated earth
materials, often
triggered by heavy
rainfall or volcanic
activity.
 Earthflows
An earth flow is when a
mass of water-
saturated soil and rock
moves slowly down a
slope.
 Lateral
Spreads
Lateral spreads occur
when saturated soil,
often sand, loses its
strength due to sudden
stress changes, like
during an earthquake.
 0
4
Erosion
and
Depositio
n
 Erosion
Erosion is an exogenic
geological process
where materials are
worn away and
transported by natural
forces such as wind
(Aeolian) or water.
Erosion
Unlike weathering, which breaks down or dissolves
rock without movement, erosion involves the
movement of soil, rock, and other surface
materials from one place to another. This process
can be driven by various agents, including wind,
water, and ice.
 MASS WASTING VS EROSION
Mass Wasting Erosion
Mass wasting is the Erosion is the process
movement of soil, rock, where natural forces
and debris down a slope like water, wind, and
due to gravity. ice wear away rocks
Examples include and soil, transporting
landslides, rock falls, them to new locations.
and debris flows.
 Types of Erosion

Water Air Glacial

This occurs when Also known as This type involves
water, such as Aeolian erosion, glaciers moving
rain, rivers, or this happens when across the land,
ocean waves, wind transports scraping and
wears away soil and deposits carving out valleys
and rock. It particles, often and other
includes forms like creating features landforms.
splash, sheet, rill, like sand dunes
and gully erosion.
Factors Affecting Erosion
● Climate
● Topography
● Type of Vegetation
Deposition
Deposition is when materials like soil, sand, and
rocks are dropped off in a new location after being
carried away by wind, water, or ice. This process
helps form new land features like deltas and sand
dunes.
1. An ________ can be
defined as a system
that consists of living
and nonliving
2. All organisms are
made of _______
which are the basic
units of life.
3. Living organisms in
an ecosystem are
connected through
the _______.
4. _________ one organism
benefits, the other is unaffected.
5. _________ a parasite relies on
a host for survival.
6. _________ both organisms
benefit.
7. T/F- Areas with no
photosynthetic organisms
cannot sustain an ecosystem.

8. A _______ shows the

consumption relationship
9-10. Consumers can be
classified as _____,
________, or _________. The
classifications are based
on what they eat.
11. Pyramid of _____ depicts
that as the pyramid goes
higher the population and
quantity of organism
decreases.
12. __________ depend on other
organisms for food.

13. _________ use solar energy to

power their own processes for
making food.
14. Primary consumers eat the
producers, and are eaten by
secondary consumers.

15. Give an example of a food

chain.