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Introduction to Quantitative Research

Nursing Research lecture

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farzana_iqbal5482
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2 views

Introduction to Quantitative Research

Nursing Research lecture

Uploaded by

farzana_iqbal5482
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Quantitative

Research

Farzana Iqbal
PhD Scholar, MSN, MPH, MSc Psychology, BSN
RN
Senior Nursing Instructor
Post Graduate College of Nursing, Punjab, Lahore
Objectives:

At the completion of this Presentation, the students


will be able to:
• Describe methods/approaches/types of
quantitative research.
Types of Quantitative Research

a.Cross Sectional Descriptive


b.Descriptive Correlational
c.Quasi Experimental
d.Experimental
Cross-sectional Studies
Cross sectional or Prevalence Studies (surveys) are
conducted at one point in time & try to concurrently
evaluate exposure (risk factor) and outcome (disease) in
a population.
It is also called a cross-sectional comparative study as
the prevalence of one disease or health related
behaviour at one place can be compared with that of an
other place.

4
Advantages of Cross Sectional Study
• Useful for chronic conditions
• Helpful for planning (describe burden of disease)
• Economical & easy to conduct
• Provide association between (disease & a variable. )
• Helpful in developing etiological hypothesis
• Helpful in measuring access & utilization of health services
• Rapid epidemiological assessment (REA) e.g. Rapid
Appraisal of WMC
• Assessment of health care needs of population

5
Disadvantages of Cross Sectional Study
• Temporal or time sequence is not available
• Can not explain the natural history of disease or its
etiology
• It can not measure incidence
• Neyman’s bias: Cross sectional studies only
measure the existing cases of a disease at a point in
time and thus miss earlier cases of the disease who
have either died or whose symptoms have
disappeared.
Examples
Screening surveys, KAP surveys
6
Correlational Design
• Correlational research involves the systematic
investigation of relationships between or among
two or more variables.
• The investigator do not control the independent
variable
Cont…
• Using Correlational analysis, researcher determines:
• Strength; and
• Type (positive or Negative)
Correlation does not prove causation
• The strength of a relationship varies from –1
(perfect negative correlation) to +1 (perfect positive
correlation), with 0 indicating no relationship.
Cont…
• The primary intent of Correlational studies is to
explain the nature of relationship in the real world,
not to determine the cause and effect.
• Can be prospective or retrospective
• Usually field studies rather than laboratory studies
The higher the proportion of deliveries attended by
skilled attendant in a country, the lower the country’s
maternal mortality ratio
2000
Maternal deaths per 1000000 live births

1800
2
R = 0.74
1600 Y Log. (Y)

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% skilled attendant at delivery


Types of Correlation
• Exploration and Description
• Association between Mother’s Depression and
Juvenile crimes.
• Describe the relationships or associations
• Prediction:
• The focus of this study was Prediction of the
developmental progress of very low birth weight
(VLBW) infants.
THE ADVANTAGES
• Its practical
• Feasible
• Generalizable
• Describes relationships between variables
• Nonintrusive—natural behaviors
• High external validity
Limitations
• Relatively weak in their ability to reveal causal
relationships
• The Researcher does not have enough control over
the independent variable
• Cannot assess causality
• Third-variable problem
• Directionality problem
• Low internal validity
Experimental Study Design

• It is a systematic and scientific approach of


research in which the researcher manipulates
one or more variables, and controls and
measures any change in other variables.
Experimental Design
• A true experimental design is characterized by the
following properties:
• Manipulation—the experimenter does something
to at least some subjects
Cont…
• Control—the experimenter introduces
controls over the experimental situation,
including the use of a control group
• Randomization—the experimenter assigns
subjects to a control or experimental group on
a random basis
Manipulation

• It is a process where the experimenter


manipulates the independent variable by
administering a treatment to some subjects
and withholding it from others (or by
administering some other treatment).
• The experimenter thus consciously varies the
independent variable and observes the effect
on the dependent variable.
Randomization
• Random essentially means that every subject has an
equal chance of being assigned to any group.
• Randomization (also called random assignment)
involves placing subjects in groups at random.
Randomization
• True experimental designs use randomization to
assign patients to the treatment group so called
randomized clinical trails (RCT)

• In randomization control group gets standardized


treatment while experimental group gets new
treatment.
Control

• This section focuses on the function of the


control group in experiments.
• This is achieved in an experimental study by
manipulating, by randomizing, by carefully
preparing the experimental protocols, and by
using a control group.
The experimental design
• Each step requires predictive hypothesis regarding
the effect of the independent or dependent
variables.
• All assumptions are spelt out
• All steps between cause and effect are specified.
Cont…
• Experimental and control groups are created
by random assignment.
• Ethical concerns for the protection of human
and animal subjects are the most restrictive.
Strengths of Experimental Designs:
This is the most powerful method available
for testing hypotheses of cause-and-effect
relationships between variables.
experimental design are in general thought
to yield the highest-quality evidence
regarding the effects of specific
interventions and nursing actions.
Relationship can be inferred with great
confidence
Strength Cont…

• Because of their special controlling


properties, experiments offer greater
corroboration than any other research
approach
Limitation:
• There are often constraints that make an
experimental approach impractical or
impossible.
• Difficulties in randomization and equal
treatment within groups
Example:
• A researcher used an experimental design to test an
intervention for reducing anxiety and increasing
post operative activity level in male cardiac
patients. The intervention involved “support
group”.
• A sample of 56 male patients undergoing CABG
were randomly assigned to intervention and the
control group. a coin flip was used to assign
individual to either group.
Quasi-experimental research
• Quasi experimental studies like true
experiments, involve the manipulation of one
variable (independent), that is an intervention.
• Quasi-experimental studies differ from
experimental studies by the
• lack of Randomization
 Quasi experimental studies are not as
powerful as experiments in establishing causal
connections between interventions and
outcomes.
Strengths
• A great strength of quasi-experiments is that they
are practical.
• Quasi-experimental designs introduce some
research control when full experimental rigor is not
possible.
Limitations
• The major disadvantage of Quasi-
Experiments is that:
• The kind of the cause and effect
inferences that we often seek in
conducting research, cannot be made
easily as with the true experiments.
Example:

A researcher wishes to study the effect of


implementing primary nursing on staff
morale in a large Hospital. Because the
new system is implemented in the entire
hospital randomization might not be
possible. Therefore they decided to
collect comparison
References

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research:


Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice
(10th ed.).Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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